The method of multispectral analysis of remote sensing data is considered and the assessment of the capabilities of multisensor imagery performed in a wide range of wavelengths from ultraviolet to infrared is carried out. Various combina- tions of data made it possible to georeference images, to reveal the detailed struc- ture of the analyzed scene, to study the spectral composition of the radiation of objects and to distinguish point sources by it, which is especially important, for ex- ample, for detecting fire centers and determining their coordinates. One of the very promising optoelectronic devices is a hyperspectrometer. The relevance of the work carried out in Russia on the creation of new types of hyperspectral modules is determined by their ability to extract the maximum information from optical radiation ascending from remotely sounded objects, as well as by the lagging of domestic developments outlined in the 90s of the last century from developments carried out abroad. The hyperspectral modules developed at "RDC "Reagent", JSC are not inferior in their technical characteristics and even surpass modern foreign aviation imaging spectrometers. In particular, this concerns the spatial resolution and the number of spectral channels of the modules. "RDC "Reagent", JSC has mastered the industrial production of hyperspectral modules in the UV, visible and near-infrared range. Full-scale tests of the developed and manufactured devices confirmed the correctness of the design solutions incorporated in them and the ability to confidently determine the type and state of probed natural and anthropo- genic objects based on hyperspectral sensing data in the interests of solving many scientific, industrial and other problems. In particular, it is shown that the joint analysis of data from different sensors allows a significant synergistic effect to be achieved. This book examines some hyperspectrometers developed at "RDC "Reagent", JSC, as well as a very interesting development - the UV sensor. Most of the book is devoted to describing the results of remote sensing of combustion and explosion processes in laboratory conditions. It has been experimentally established that spherical flames of lean (6-15% H2) hydrogen-air mixtures have a cellular structure. In mixtures containing 6-10% H2, the flames at the initial stage near the lower concentration limit propagate spherically symmetrically. Then the gravity field distorts the shape of the combus- tion front. Flames of mixtures containing 10-15% H2 propagate spherically sym- metrically. It is shown that the Boussinesq approximation is applicable to obtain cells with H2 <10%, taking into account the force of gravity. Calculations by the Boussinesq model in the absence of gravity do not give the formation of cells. The use of the Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible medium makes it possible to describe the spherically symmetric mode of propagation of a cellular flame under microgravity conditions. It is shown that the analysis of experimental data on flame propagation in lean mixtures does not make it possible to take apart the calculation results using a two-dimensional model with and without convection. It has been shown experimentally that additives of isobutene С4Н8 in amounts below the lower concentration limit (up to 1.5%) lead to an increase, and additives of СО2 to 15% to a decrease in the flame propagation velocity in lean hydrogen- air mixtures. The reasons for the acceleration of combustion in the presence of a hydrocarbon additive are considered. Using the combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures (30% and 15% H2) as an ex - ample, it is shown that the detected light emission inhomogeneities can be associ- ated with the presence of acoustic waves. It was found that the flame propagation velocities in a stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture with central spark initiation do not depend on the material of the inner surface of the reactor (stainless steel, TiO2, Ta, Pt) but depend on the shape of the inner surface of the reactor. It is shown that spark-initiated flames of lean hydrogen mixtures (8% -15% H2 in air) pass through aluminum mesh spheres with a cell size of 0.04-0.1 mm 2, while the flame of a mixture of 15% H2 in air accelerates after passing through an obstacle. In the presence of an obstacle during the propagation of flame in mix- tures of 10% and 15% H2, acoustic oscillations of the gas arise in the reactor. The onset of oscillations occurs earlier in time in the presence of a sphere of a smaller diameter. The flame of a mixture of 7.5% H2 in air does not pass through the mesh spheres. It was found that the flame of a mixture of 8% natural gas with air passes through the mesh spheres. However, after the obstacle, the flame velocity remains the same, while acoustic oscillations are not observed. It is shown that the active centers of combustion of methane and hydrogen, which determine the propagation of the flame, have a different chemical nature. In a static bypass installation with a tangential inlet of the mixture under study, the effect of thermal ignition of combustible mixtures at reactor temperatures sig- nificantly lower than the thermal ignition temperature was experimentally discov- ered. In this case, the difference between the temperature of the reactor and the temperature of thermal ignition can reach more than 150 K. This effect is caused primarily by the presence of centripetal forces, which inevitably arise during the formation of a vortex gas flow. The result of the action of these forces on the flow is the radial stratification of the gas in terms of density and, therefore, in terms of temperatures. In the central region, the hottest and least mobile gas is formed and, in addition, it is well insulated from the walls of the reactor. The possibility of mixing it with fresh cold masses of gas is excluded. The pressure increase in the reactor caused by the mixture admission leads to adiabatic compression and additional heating of the gas. The centripetal forces contribute to the fact that the heat, which begins to release with the onset of a chemical reaction, accumulates in the central region of the reactor, thus creating favorable conditions for thermal ignition. By the example of combustion of stoichiometric mixtures of n-pentane (C5H12) with air, diluted with carbon dioxide (CO2) and argon (Ar), at a total atmospheric pressure, it is shown that when the propagation of the FF flame front from spheri- cal to propagation in a tube occurs, phenomena arise, caused by the instability of a flat flame. It is shown that, upon deceleration of the FF near the end wall of the re- actor, a smooth FF acquires a cellular structure. It is shown that qualitative model- ing of the results obtained is possible when analyzing the Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible medium in the approximation of a small Mach number. In this book, using the methods of 4D optical spectroscopy and color high-speed filming, the features of combustion in flame cells caused by hydrodynamic instability are experimentally established for the first time. In addition, as a result of direct experimental verification of Landau's hypothe- sis about the hydrodynamic instability of a flat flame front, the relationship was es- tablished between the main factors responsible for the instability of hydrodynamic and acoustic flames. This means that in the cell of the combustion front, caused by an instability of any nature (thermodiffusion, hydrodynamic, thermoacoustic), a complete cycle of transformations is carried out, which is characteristic of a given combustion process. It is shown that any combustion cell is essentially a separate “chemical reactor”, in each of which the process of complete chemical transfor- mation is carried out. The results obtained on the spectral study and visualization of the propagation of fronts of unstable flames are important in solving the issues of explosion safety for volumes of complex geometry. A cellular mode of combustion of a 40% mixture of hydrogen with air in the presence of platinum wire and foil in the range of 270-350 °C at atmospheric pres- sure was found. Using the methods of routine and 4D optical spectroscopy, which allows registering the intensity of the optical spectrum simultaneously depending on the wavelength, time and coordinate, and color high-speed filming, combus- tion cells caused by catalytic instability have been experimentally detected for the first time. It was found that the cellular mode is determined by the catalytic combustion of hydrogen on Pt - containing particles formed during the decompo- sition of unstable platinum oxide in the gas phase. It is shown that the temperature dependence of the delays of hydrogen ignition on a platinum wire and foil in both stationary and rotating gases corresponds to an activation energy of 19 ± 3 kcal/ mol, which is close to the activation energy of branching of the reaction chains of hydrogen oxidation. The impurity origin of the 552 nm emitting band, which is of- ten recorded during the combustion of gas and heterogeneous mixtures, has been established. The results obtained are of immediate importance for the develop- ment of Catalytic Stabilization (CS) technology and the development of catalysts with increased activity. The results are also important for verification of theoreti- cal concepts of the propagation of dust and gas flames. It has been shown experimentally that in the case of flame penetration through an obstacle, gas-dynamic factors, for example, flame turbulization, can determine the kinetics of the process, including the transition of low-temperature combustion of a hydrocarbon to a high-temperature regime. It has been established that the flame front after a single obstacle does not arise in the immediate vicinity of the obstacle. The first ignition site can be observed relatively far from the obstacle surface. It is shown that the use of a mesh sphere as an obstacle leads to an increase in the length of the flame "jump" behind the obsta- cle in comparison with a round hole. It has been shown that two or more obstacles, both spherical and planar, noticeably suppress the propagation of the flame, which can be associated with both heat losses from the flame front and with heteroge- neous termination of reaction chains at the obstacle. It has been experimentally shown that below the limit of penetration of a flame of a dilute methane-oxygen mixture through a flat obstacle with a single hole, for an obstacle in the form of a funnel, the flame does not penetrate from the side of the confuser, but penetrates from the side of the diffuser. Numerical modeling of the Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible medium in the approximation of a small Mach number with the representation of a chemical process as a single reaction and the simplest chain mechanism made it possible to describe qualitatively the experimental features. Within the framework of an approximate consideration using the Navier-Stokes equations in a compressible reacting medium, the features of flame propagation through a conical obstacle with additional holes on the converging generatrix are described qualitatively. In other words, the flame does not penetrate through the central hole of the converging tube, but only penetrates through the central hole of the diffuser, even if there are holes in the generatrix of the cone. The simulation carried out in small volumes suggests that in the event of an emergency situation, the flame will not penetrate through the open valve located in the center of the confuser located in the pipe. In this case, the most effective double-sided flame arrester in the pipe can be a system of two confusers, the funnels of which are located on the pipe axis along the gas flow and against it, since an emergency situation can occur before and after the obstacle. A hole or valve can be located in the middle. The features of the penetration of the flame front through rectangular holes in comparison with round holes were experimentally studied using color filming and visualization of a gas flow. It is shown that the length of the “flame jump” after the hole in the obstacle is mainly determined by the time of occurrence of the laminar- turbulent transition, and not by the ignition delay period. It was found that C2 radicals in detectable amounts and the main heat release in the process are observed after the flame passes the first obstacle by using 4D spec- troscopy combined with high-speed color filming, i.e. after turbulization of the gas flow. The obtained result means that the used experimental technique makes it possible to separate in time and space “cold” and “hot” flames in one experiment. The result obtained is also important for the verification of numerical models of methane combustion. In addition, the results obtained are important for solving explosion safety problems for volumes with complex geometrical arrangement. It was found that the ignition temperature of a 40% H2 - air mixture in the presence of metallic palladium (70 °C, 1 atm) is ~ 200 °C lower than over the platinum surface (260 °C, 1 atm). In addition, Pd initiates the ignition of mixtures (30÷60% H2 + 70÷40% CH4)stoich + air; Pt foil does not initiate combustion of these mixtures up to 450 °C. The effective activation energy of ignition over Pd is estimated as ~ 3.5 kcal/mol. It was found that the temperature of the ignition limit above the palladium surface at 1.75 atm for mixtures of 30% methane + 70% hydrogen + air (θ=0.9, T=317 °C) and 30% propane + 70% hydrogen + air (θ=1, 106 °C), measured by the “approach from below” method by temperature, decreases during subsequent ignitions and is 270 °C for a mixture containing hydrogen - methane and 32 °C for a mixture containing hydrogen and propane. The flammability limit returns to the initial value after the reactor is treated with oxygen or air, i.e. hysteresis takes place. The temperature of the ignition limit of mixtures 30% (C2, C4, C5, C6) + 70% H2 + air (θ=0.6, 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, respectively) over the palladium surface is 19÷35 0C at 1,75 atm. There is no hysteresis. It is shown that the lean (θ=0.6) mixture of 30% ethane + 70% hydrogen + air has the lowest temperature of the ignition limit: 24 0C at 1 atm. The effective activation energy for the ignition of mixtures over palladium is estimated as ~ 2.4 ± 1 kcal/mol. It was found that the separation of the CH and Na emission bands in time during the combustion of a mixture of 30% pro- pane + 70% H2 + air (θ=1), found in this work, is due to the occurrence of hydro- dynamic instability of the flame when it touches the end of the cylindrical reactor. It was found that the ignition temperatures of hydrogen - oxygen and hydro - gen - methane - oxygen mixtures under the pressure of heated wires of palladium, platinum, nichrome and kanthal (fechral) at a total pressure of 40 Torr increase with a decrease in the hydrogen content in the mixture. Only heated palladium wire has a noticeable catalytic effect. A qualitative numerical calculation made it possible to reveal the role of the additional branching reaction H + HO2 → 2OH in the process of ignition initiation by a heated wire. Copper nanopowders are obtained by the method of hydrogen reduction (chemical-metallurgical method) and thermal decomposition of copper citrate and formate. It was shown that copper nanopowder synthesized from copper citrate is not pyrophoric. Combustion of this copper nanopowder can be initiated by an external source, with the combustion wave velocity 1.3 ± 0.3 mm/s. The nanopow- der has a ~ 4 times larger specific surface (45 ± 5 m2/g) than the nanopowder obtained by the chemical-metallurgical method. It practically does not contain oxides and is stable in atmospheric air. Copper nanopowder obtained by the chemical-metallurgical method is pyrophoric and therefore requires passivation, but its passivation leads to the formation of noticeable amounts of copper ox- ides. The combustion rates of passivated and non-passivated copper nanopowder obtained by the chemical-metallurgical method are the same and amount to 0.3 ± 0.04 mm/s. The dynamics of temperature fields during the ignition and com- bustion of copper nanopowders obtained by various methods has been studied. Tungsten nanopowders are synthesized by reduction of tungsten trioxide with hydrogen (chemical metallurgy method) at 440 ÷ 640 °C from samples with dif- ferent specific surface: 2 m2/g (1), 11 m2/g (2), 0.8 m2/g (3). It is shown that the W nanopowder synthesized at 640 °C for all three precursors used is non-pyrophoric α-W. Its combustion can be initiated by an external source. Combustion develops in a spatially non-uniform regime. Nanopowder synthesized at 480 °C from tung- sten oxide of grades 1 and 2 is a mixture of α-W, β-W and WO2.9. This powder is pyrophoric. It was found that the passivated W nanopowder synthesized at 480 °C of grade 3 tungsten oxide is β−W with traces of WO3 and WO 2.9. Temperature range of synthesis β−W, obtained in the work is very narrow: 470÷490 °C. The specific surface area of α-W is 10 ± 2 m2/g. For the β-W mixture with traces of WO3 and WO2.9 it is 18 ± 1 m 2/g. The dynamics of temperature fields during the ignition and combustion of tungsten nanopowders obtained at different tempera- tures has been studied. An experimental determination of the features of combustion of compact samples made of non-passivated iron nanopowders and the effect of the porosity of these compact samples on the dynamics of their heating in air are described. It is shown that the propagation velocity of the combustion front and the maxi - mum combustion temperature of compacted samples made of non-passivated iron nanopowders decrease with increasing compact density.

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