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DIAMONDS OF RUSSIA

Akulov Nikolay Ivanovich ¹

Информация об авторах и главе

Авторы:

1. Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS

Тип:

Глава

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62021f62641661.57156843

Страницы с - по

14 - 17

Издатель:

AUS PUBLISHERS

Язык материала:

английский

Ключевые слова:

diamonds, deposits, Basaltoids, Impactites, Tuffisites, Metamorphites, Lamproites, Kimberlites, placers, Angarida

Аннотация и ключевые слова

Аннотация (русский):
The book contains materials on the search for modern and buried alluvial and primary deposits of diamonds. Much attention is paid to prospecting testing of potentially diamondiferous deposits and provides information on all types of diamondiferous rocks currently known. It is addressed primarily to young geologists who have embarked on a search for diamond deposits. It will find the answer to many questions by many geologists, prospectors and prospectors, leading the search for gold and diamonds. While this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.

Ключевые слова:
diamonds, deposits, Basaltoids, Impactites, Tuffisites, Metamorphites, Lamproites, Kimberlites, placers, Angarida

Текст

On the territory of the Russian Federation (East Siberian diamondiferous province) in the process of schlich-mineralogical research the the VSEGEI staff L. A. Popugayeva and N. N. Sarsadskikh discovered the first kimberlite pipe “Zarnitsa” in 1954. Several decades have passed and in 2017 in St. Petersburg (FSBI VSEGEI) the first working meeting of companies-subsoil users of the diamond mining industry was held (Fig. 1) “Scientific, methodological and technological problems of forecasting and searching for low-contrast kimberlite pipes in East European and East Siberian diamond-bearing provinces”. The Program Conclusion noted: Fig. 1. Subsoil users of the Russian Federation. Session of the workshop on June 8, 2017 in St. Petersburg (Photo by FSBI VSEGEI). E In terms of diamond reserves, the Russian Federation ranks first in the world. The reserves of 80 deposits amount to 1.2 billion carats, including one billion carats of proven reserves are concentrated in three constituent entities of Russia: the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Perm Krai and the Arkhangelsk Oblast. E 218 new kimberlite bodies have been identified in the Yakutsk diamondiferous province in the period 1997-2016. In 2006, the Mayskoye primary diamond deposit (with resources of about 20 million carats) was discovered on Nakyn; million carats). In addition, in 2010 the reserves of the buried Nyurbinskaya placer (over 20 million carats) were added to the balance sheet. In 2015, the first kimberlite body of the new Syuldyukar kimberlite field was discovered. Exploration of deep horizons of the Udachnaya, Yubileinaya and Mir pipes resulted in an increase in reserves in the tens of millions of carats (Maltsev et al., 2016; Maltsev and Tolstov, 2018). Prospecting work in the Arkhangelsk Oblast also did not lead to the discovery of new large deposits, and the fund of high-amplitude local magnetic anomalies promising for the identification of kimberlite pipes (prospecting reserve) had exhausted itself by the beginning of this century. E It is necessary to develop new innovative technologies to search for low-contrast diamondiferous kimberlite bodies hidden at depth and to intensify forecasting and prospecting work in promising areas of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Krai, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk Oblast and Irkutsk Oblast, the Urals and Karelia. E Scientific institutions should be involved in the development of “Methodological guidelines for prospecting for diamond deposits on the Siberian platform”, as well as models for the formation of dispersion halos of minerals-indicators of diamond content in various depositional environments. According to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology, set forth in the State Report on the State and Use of Mineral Resources of the Russian Federation in 2016-2017, the quality of kimberlite in domestic developed deposits is high. The average diamond content exceeds 1 ct/t, with five large and giant pipes in terms of the amount of reserves are characterized by a unique diamond content i.e. more than 3 ct/t (On the state..., 2018). The quality of the diamonds themselves is generally rated as average. According to the Russian Ministry of Finance, the average price of diamonds mined in 2016 was 88.75 doll./ct, while Russia's main competitor, Botswana, reached 138.8 doll./ct. If we compare the Russian diamonds mined from kimberlites with diamonds from other countries, then, for example, the entire volume of production of Australia, which ranks fourth in the world, is provided by the giant highly diamondiferous pipe of Argyle olivine lamproites (Lamproity ..., 1991). The quality of the diamonds from the deposit is generally low. In 2016, their average price was only 15.5 doll./ct. The kimberlite deposits of diamonds in Canada, which is the last of the five leading producers, are significantly inferior to domestic ones in terms of reserves. The quality of the ores of the Canadian objects is different, the average diamond grade varies from 0.1 to 3 ct/t. The main industrial deposits of the Russian Federation are concentrated in three diamond-bearing regions: the Republic of Sakha (82.4% of reserves and 99.7% of production), the Perm Oblast (0.1% of reserves and 0.3% of production) and the Arkhangelsk region (17.5% of reserves) (On the state ..., 2018). Kimberlite deposits form the backbone of the Russian raw material base of diamonds, as they contain 93% of precious raw materials. The remaining 7% of diamond reserves are concentrated in placers. The main deposits of the country are located in the bowels of the Sakha Republic: the kimberlite pipes Udachnaya, Mir, Yubileinaya, Botuobinskaya, Aikhal, Nyurbinskaya, Internatsionalnaya and Zarnitsa, as well as the Nyurbinskaya and Ebelyakh placers, which are gigantic in terms of the amount of reserves. Many of them are unique in terms of diamond concentration. Thus, the kimberlites of the Internatsionalnaya pipe contain about 9.2 ct/t, Botuobinskaya - 6.2 ct/t, Aikhal - 5.8 ct/t, Nyurbinskaya - 4.6 ct/t, and the sands of the placer of the same name - 4.9 ct/m3. m. At the expense of the federal budget in 2015–2017, the company "Rosgeologia" JSC carried out advanced geological and geophysical work for primary diamonds within the Ilimo-Katangsky diamondiferous region (Irkutsk Oblast), in which the author of this book also took part. Based on the results, the forecast reserves of the P3 category were calculated in the amount of 45 million carats. The main buyers of Russian diamonds are Belgium, India, Israel and China (Hong Kong). In Russia, the main production of polished diamonds is carried out at the state polishing plant "Kristall-Smolensk", at the joint Russian-Israeli enterprise "Ruiz Diamonds" CJSC, at the company "EPL Diamond", as well as at the enterprise "Diamonds ALROSA". It should be noted that in the opinion of the remarkable geologist E.N. Ehrlich (Ehrlich, 2016), who predetermined the discovery of the richest rare metal and rare earth deposit Tomtor, the epochal history of the discovery of diamond deposits in the USSR ended in the post-perestroika period with the shameful deal of the Russian government with the De Beers company, which took control of the entire the market for diamonds mined in Russia. According to RosBusinessConsulting (http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data /383/537/1217/Almazodobyvayushchaya_promyshlennot.pdf) the largest diamond deposits in Russia are the Udachnaya pipe, containing 22.9% of Russian reserves, and Jubilee (20.3%). The Nyurbinskaya and Botuobinskaya pipes, which are being prepared for development, contain about 10.6% of the reserves, in the deep horizons of the Mir and Internatsionalnaya pipes - 9.9% and 5.4%, respectively, in the Zarnitsa pipe - 3.9%. The content and quality of diamonds are highest in the pipes "Internatsionalnaya", "Muno-Olenekskaya", "Vodorazdelnaya" and "Mir", then (in descending order of these indicators) there are pipes of the Nakyn field, "Udachnaya" (with the highest level of diamond production today) and Yubileinaya There are low grades and quality of diamonds are compensated by their significant reserves. The second largest diamondiferous region in Russia is the Arkhangelsk region, where two deposits named after M.V. Lomonosov and named after Grib are located which account for 16.8 and 4.4% of the country's reserves, respectively. The content of diamonds in them is lower than in the deposits of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and the quality of diamonds corresponds to the average quality of the Yakut or slightly lower. The cost of diamonds depends on many factors, the main ones being: size, shape, color and transparency, absence of inclusions, cracks, origin. The range of prices for diamonds is very large: from $ 6,000 per carat to $ 0.8 per carat. The evaluation of diamonds and polished diamonds is carried out by experts, that is, it is subjective. As a result, the error in setting prices can reach up to 15%. More than 50% of physical supplies to the world market are the lowest-grade small diamonds with an average price of about 1 $/ct. Approximately 35% are low-grade diamonds (the so-called "Indian commodity") at an average price of $ 50 per carat. Diamonds of medium and high quality (average price $ 350 per carat) are relatively small - 15%. Weighted average cost of diamonds S ~ $ 70. The cost of diamonds is quite high: an ordinary diamond of average quality with a mass of 1 carat (1 carat is equal to 0.2 gram) costs 3-4 thousand dollars, that is, 15-20 thousand dollars per gram. It should be recalled that the cost of gold on the International market as of 06/08/2021 is 62 dollars per gram or 4526 rubles.

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