Rostov-na-Donu, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
student from 01.01.2017 until now
Ust'-Labinsk, Russian Federation
The shadow economy is one of the most difficult problems not only in Russia, but also around the world. The differences between countries relate only to the degree of its influence on the government, society, political system, state and the degree of its spread
shadow economy, the volume of the shadow economy, negative consequences
На сегодняшний день одной из самых актуальных и неразрешенных проблем в России является теневая экономика.
Теневая экономика¾ противоречащая существующему законодательству, экономическая деятельность. Под ней понимаются не учитываемые официальной статистикой и неконтролируемые обществом производство, потребление, обмен, и распределение материальных благ.
Существуют следующие виды теневой экономики[3]:
- «Вторая» экономика. Сокрытие части совершаемых хозяйственных операций, товарооборотов, финансов;
- «Серая» экономика. «Серая» экономика связанна с «белой», важным ее элементом является легализация преступных доходов;
- «Черный» бизнес. Занимается такими формами деятельности, которые не совместимы с законной экономической деятельностью.
Доходы теневой экономики превышают расходную часть бюджета страны. Однако, наблюдается тенденция снижения доли теневой экономики в России[4].
Объем теневой экономики в России в 2017 году по сравнению с 2015-2016 годами снизился, но в 2018 году опять увеличился, но не достиг таких объемов как в 2015-2016 годах. Но в 2019 году он снизился и остается на неизменном уровне и в 2020 году[2].
В 2015 году объем теневой экономики составил 23,4 трлн. руб., что составило 28,1% от ВВП страны. В 2016 показатель вырос до 24,3 трлн.руб. (28,3% от ВВП). В 2017 году объем теневой экономики снизился до 18,9 трлн.руб., что составляет 20,5% от ВВП страны. В 2018 году показатель опять вырос и составил 20,7 трлн.руб., что составило 20% от объема ВВП странны. В 2019 году объем теневой экономики снизился и составил 20,5 трлн.руб., что составило 19,2% от ВВП России. В 2020 показатель не изменился и составил так же 20,5 трлн.руб., но это составило 18,8% от объема ВВП страны.(рис.1).[1]
Рис. 1¾ Объем теневой экономики в России.
По результатам исследований, регионами с самым высоким уровнем теневой экономики являются[7]:
- Нижегородская область (64% ВВП);
- Москва (47,1% ВВП);
- Воронеж (41,1% ВВП).
Самые теневые сектора экономики на 2020 год. (рис.2)[7]
Рис. 2 ¾ Теневая экономика в различных отраслях
Негативные последствия теневой экономики проявляются в различных социально¾экономических деформациях[5]:
- Сокращение государственного бюджета;
- Рост коррупции и злоупотребление властью;
- Деформация кредитных отношений и увеличение инвестиционных рисков;
- Влияние на политическую систему страны;
- Снижение конкуренции и эффективности рыночного механизма и тд.
Наравне с негативными последствиями, существуют также позитивные[5]:
- Обеспечение занятости и дополнительных доходов населения;
- Увеличение количества производимых товаров и услуг;
- Инвестиционные ресурсы и т.д.
В последние годы выделяется несколько основных путей государственного воздействия на теневую экономику по следующим уровням[6]:
- Макроуровень (Федеральные органы государственной власти);
- Мезоуровень (Органы власти субъектов федерации и местного самоуправления);
- Микроуровень (Общественно¾политические организации, объединения, партии).
Понятие «теневая экономика» объединяет в себе любые нелегальные экономические отношения в сфере производства, потребления, услуг, также сокрытие доходов от систем налогообложения.
К сожалению, полностью избавиться от теневого бизнеса невозможно, если есть открытая экономика, будет и скрытая, но снизить ее объемы можно.
Для этого России необходима постоянная, целенаправленная, долгосрочная работа. Не только честных правоохранительных, законодательных органов, но и самих граждан. Если не учитывать это, бороться с теневой экономикой бесполезно.
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