Аннотация (русский):
The monograph presents the results of a study of the digital economy as a new paradigm of economic development, a system of economic relations implemented through the use of digital information computer technologies. It is noted that the main problem in the formation of sustainable economic growth and the successful introduction of digital technologies are the challenges of digitalization of the economy. New digital technologies, innovative business models penetrate into all spheres of the economic life of society, influencing the very essence of the economy, forming qualitative structural changes in it. As a result, a digital economy is being formed as a subsystem of the traditional economy, characterized by the active use of digital technologies and the circulation of specific electronic goods. The monograph is intended for researchers, teachers, graduate students, undergraduates, as well as a wide range of readers interested in topical issues of digitalization of the economy.

Ключевые слова:
digital economy, new paradigm, economic development, economic relations, digital information, digital technologies, economic growth, digitalization of the economy

At the present stage in the global information society, a new economic order is being actively formed - digital. There is a digitalization of economic processes and the penetration of information technologies into all areas of activity. There are new requirements for the sources of competitive advantages of companies and effective concepts of their functioning and management. The formation of any economy is based on an effective combination of technical, technological, organizational and managerial innovations. The digital economy will not be an exception, any activity for the development and implementation of technical, technological, product and service innovations will not be able to achieve the required results if it is not provided with an appropriate organizational and managerial base. At present, the foundations of radical organizational and managerial innovations are being laid, which will become the management platform of the digital economy. Taking into account the high dynamics of global digitalization, as well as the development of state targeted programs for the development of the digital economy of the RF, the development and implementation of digital models of corporate governance is becoming increasingly relevant and in demand by the market. Currently, the practical implementation of the established approaches and models is carried out primarily in terms of providing real-time systems (RTS), developing SMM (Social media marketing) analytics, and designing intelligent applications using advanced analytics. The development of digital models of corporate governance will require the allocation of priority digital circuits in a company's information system, as well as overcoming organizational, managerial and technological barriers. In the new organizational forms of companies, which are often called virtual or networked, service-oriented company architectures and company architectures based on shared resources (sharing economy) come to the fore. The creation of dynamic organizational structures for the joint interaction of participants in the value chains necessitates the development of new methods of organizational management, among which a special place is given to the decentralization of management and the development of consolidated management decisions, as well as the development of methods for self-organization of production and business processes. The subject of engineering is not the object itself (material object, production process, business process, technical, organizational or social system, software product), but intellectual activity to create this object, organization of interaction between the parties involved in the creation of the object. Informatization of the educational process is characterized by the presence of network effects, which leads to an increase in the value received by the consumer of educational content, as well as to cost savings for the developer due to the scale of production. Along with the new opportunities that the population receives in connection with the availability of educational products from the world's leading universities, there are a number of threats to the system as a whole that should be taken into account when designing an appropriate development strategy. The development of the digital economy has a positive effect on economic growth and the ability of economic agents to perform their functions and meet needs. Nevertheless, like any complex phenomenon, the digital economy contains a variety of risks and opportunities for various subjects of economic relations. The transition to a digital economy, associated with a new round of development of information systems and technological solutions based on them, is the cause of new challenges in the field of information security. It is necessary to create an effective information security system, this is possible when using and developing additional information resources that ensure data security. One of the conditions is the formation of personnel potential in the field of information security, which will include the implementation of advanced training programs in the field of information security. The transition to a digital model of the economy is an objective requirement in the modern conditions of the development of society, but one of the key issues in the implementation of this transition is to ensure a high level of information security. 2.1. Organizational and managerial innovations in the digital economy. The processes of socio-economic development are largely determined by the state of telecommunications and digital electronic networks , which are the technical basis of the information revolution. The latter involves the separation of organizational and intellectual centers from production and service units, localization of individual components of the production process in different parts of the world - another global "division of labor" . The leading way of coordination of economic interaction in the digital economy is its cluster forms, including network ones. The basis of such interaction is the formation of stable ties between economic entities through the constant exchange of information based on modern infocommunication technologies (ICT) and building trust in the electronic environment. A special place is occupied by the question of correlating the concepts of "innovative economy" and "digital economy". These concepts are not synonyms or different reflections of the same phenomenon. An innovative economy is a system of production relations in the process of creating knowledge capital, fundamental scientific knowledge and/or innovations and economic entities that receive added value through the creation and circulation of knowledge capital. From a technological point of view, the digital economy is the result of a positive synergistic combination of fundamental and technological "breakthroughs" in the innovative development of intellectual activities in the knowledge sector (creation of cyber-biological and cyber-physical systems, renewable energy sources, genetic engineering, artificial intelligence, ICT, new means of production, fundamentally new materials, etc.). Based on the fact that the digital economy is currently developing rapidly, it requires an increasing amount of innovation and, accordingly, fundamental scientific knowledge for their production. Any new economy that has been formed in the history of mankind requires a large number of products of the innovative economy, while not merging with the latter. The issue of attributing such entities to the digital economy can be decided on the basis of an analysis of their value chains, depending on whether activities in the digital economy are among the key factors in creation of added value by them. No technical innovations can become the basis for the formation of a new economy as a system of production relations, including the digital economy, without being combined with organizational and managerial innovations that form the conceptual basis of any economy. Thus, the technical and technological achievements of the third quarter of the XIX century could not be effectively used until the corresponding organizational and managerial innovations were developed and implemented. It was the sharp discrepancy between technical and organizational and managerial capabilities that caused a boom in the creation and dissemination of organizational and managerial innovations in the late XIX - early XX centuries. It is this breakthrough in the creation of organizational and managerial innovations that is qualified by many experts as the emergence in the general management system of a segment called "scientific management". Organizational and managerial innovations (OMI) - are innovations aimed at the gradual improvement or achievement of significant and rapid changes in the organizational structure and management of a company through the introduction of individual innovative systems, technologies, methods, tools, ways of organizing and managing the production and technological, financial and economic, social personnel, logistics and infocommunication subsystems of a company or a complex of new technologies, methods, tools, manners of organization. The latter should be aimed at improving the efficiency of individual parts of the management system, management of activities and the entire management system of the company as a whole by creating conditions through the introduction of OMI to ensure the ability to meet modern requirements of the internal and external environment, to achieve structural and functional advantages. This opens up opportunities to improve the efficiency of innovation, the economic and general security of the company, improve the use of knowledge, the efficiency of labor processes and the organization of jobs, as well as reduce transaction costs, improve product quality, performance results, development and competitiveness of the company as a whole. In a narrower sense, OMI is related to the processes of optimal organization of production, transport, marketing and supply. Depending on the object, the following types of organizational and managerial innovations are distinguished. Organizational innovations, which include three main segments : 1) development of new forms and methods of organization and regulation of production and labor; 2) mastering new modeling methods, approaches, control automation; optimization: - organization of production, marketing and supply logistics; - forms and methods of development of managerial decisions, control over their implementation; 3) vertical and horizontal optimization of quantitative and qualitative ratios of structural divisions, social groups or individual employees of the company. This is done by the management system, with the help of which management decisions are made and implemented to achieve the goals set by the corporation . Such organizational arrangements focused on innovation, providing a higher flexibility of the company, are necessary due to the fact that the functions of managing innovative development are dispersed in the management apparatus among different departments. Management innovations - are new methods, technologies and organization of management processes, project and quality management systems, business process management, building an effective relationship between the strategy and tactics of doing business in general and are implemented through structural and functional interest, methods of operation of the management apparatus, automation of management processes. Innovations in management are often associated with the restructuring of business processes and the business as a whole, that is, with a change in the company's business model. The latter is usually associated with the transformation of the organizational and managerial structure of the company for the purpose of its innovative development, including through the establishment of strategic relationships with partners, as well as within the framework of public-private partnership (PPP) ,PPP- and bank investment in this development of the company . Structural global changes in the XXI century are associated with the increasing role of high-tech sectors in the formation of GDP, the integration and globalization of industrial production, the transition to a digital economy, which leads to a change in the organizational and economic paradigm of competitiveness. An example of this process is the gradual transition to the organization of innovative development in industry on the basis of global research networks, in particular in the form of elements of a network-type innovation infrastructure: virtual network innovation alliances, strategic technology platforms, innovation clusters, etc. At the same time, the new stage of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), also called "digital", is characterized by the convergence of technologies, the blurring of lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres, the emergence of additive manufacturing, new means of communication, cloud computing, cyber security. Corporate culture, as part of the organizational and managerial resources of the company, has always served as the most important strategic resource for its development. With the transition to modern digital technologies, corporate culture will have to transform, accumulating the most important OMI that the management consulting market requires . The currently dominant technological order V is in the stage of maturity (in the transition to dominance) and is characterized primarily by the predominance of ICT in the production and life of the human community, which created the conditions for the formation of a digital economy and the information society on their basis as a whole . At the same time, the VI technological order is being formed, which involves a radical change in the dominant production technologies, which will most likely become nano-, bio- and cognitive technologies and new generation ICT, as well as their convergence . At present, with the current level of development of the digital economy, a number of already established prerequisites for the creation and implementation of OMI, which are necessary to improve its efficiency and quality, can be identified : 1) higher mobility and expansion of information and knowledge dissemination channels associated with new digital communication networks; 2) the transition to a digital standard for information transfer in order to drastically reduce the unit costs of knowledge dissemination, while the knowledge dissemination technologies themselves are radically transformed, which somewhat changes the specifics of knowledge as a special type of product and the nature of the know-how market, making it more and more networked; 3) creation of codified data sets that can be used to improve the efficiency of analysis, planning and control of commercial activities; 4) access of private individuals to communication channels, markets and sources of information previously controlled only by the state or international corporations; 5) a qualitative change in the distribution channels of products, technologies and service delivery in the media sphere; 6) the development of cybercrime in the field of DE, which objectively reflects the patterns of social development. So-called hackers are destabilizing the digital economy in areas of production that are critical for investment and innovation. Organizational and managerial innovations increase the company's competitiveness by reducing the cost of resources (financial, human, time) and improving the efficiency of management decisions aimed at business development . As world practice shows, OMI, covering all levels of the management system, are carried out by large foreign companies at least once every 3-4 years, and at the intraorganizational level - almost annually. The reason for the implementation of OMI can also be one of the following : - changes in both the needs of customers and the internal needs of the company; - development of science, engineering and technology; - development of public relations; - actions of competitors; - directive instructions. The main directions of development of organizational and managerial innovations In the conditions of the "explosive" nature of the development of the sphere of the global digital economy and the beginning of the process of transition from the dominance of the economy of the V technological order to the dominance of the economy of the VI technological order, systemic problems of organizing innovation activity in Russian companies and the need to change and supplement the principles of innovation management in companies and in the management of the national innovation system arise, which cannot be done without the OMI complex . In order to respond in a timely manner to ongoing changes, the company's management system must ensure the high speed of all processes within it. Market relations in the conditions of global fierce competition, inherent in the processes of globalization of the world economy, necessitate rethinking the previously established forms, principles and methods of management and turning to advanced practices that differ from the previous ones. In other words, changing the conditions for functioning in the digital economy determines the corresponding transformation of management systems and the management sphere as a whole. Based on this, researchers identify the main trends in the development of management systems in their adaptation to the digital economy and the factors that generate them . 1. As is known, the management function is implemented through a management decision, the conscious adoption of which is possible only on the basis of information and its quintessence - knowledge. That is why, simultaneously with a radical change in the concept of knowledge, the sphere of management in the digital economy is being transformed, which consists in increasing the role of knowledge and information in solving managerial problems at all levels (the modern - third - stage of the transformation of knowledge is called a revolution in the field of management), information becomes an effective means of organizing and managing social production, science, culture, and education. The quality and timeliness of information is a strategic success factor in the face of global innovation competition. The modern paradigm of micro-level management can be called a knowledge-based strategic management system with an increasing role of horizontal connections and corporate dynamics (the organization's ability to react flexibly in real time). Knowledge, innovation and the potential of strategic management are the most valuable and sustainable form of capital in terms of improving the effectiveness of an organization . 2. The effectiveness of management in the digital economy at all levels essentially depends on the qualifications and availability of innovative thinking among managers and management personnel who support decision-making. In the digital economy, cognitive factors, especially the style of thinking, become the most important factor in strategic management. We are talking about innovative managerial personnel capable of simultaneous and interconnected innovations in scientific, technical, technological, institutional, financial, economic, socio-cultural, socio-political, environmental, organizational and managerial fields of activity and the use of knowledge and risk capital to achieve goals. The organization of a strategic management system must begin with the creation of positive thoughts and images that lead the team to achieving its goals, as well as the creation of a new innovative management culture of thinking. On this basis, the cognitive technology of strategic management should be developed as a derivative of collective managerial thinking, that is, a new quality of thinking at all levels of the economy, especially the digital economy. Only by changing the quality of managerial thinking is it possible to reach a fundamentally new quality of business, improving the welfare of economic entities at all levels. 3. The cluster model is increasingly used as the basis for the organizational structure of management. Due to the changes taking place in the world, which mainly consist in the emergence of new markets, types of business, the development of digital technologies, there is a need, on the one hand, to expand the areas of development (specialization) of basic organizational structures and involve new rapidly growing companies focused on new emerging technological markets, into their own structure, on the other hand, in increasing the interest and, as a result, the activity of their own structural units in the introduction of innovations. The most effective way to solve these problems is activity clustering. In the digital economy, there are the following differences between management and market and hierarchical forms: - the manufacturer of the goods is not able to exclude competition from its segment by simple and cheap means based on blocking it. Consequently, the uniqueness of the product is erased. It becomes standardized. The market does not receive price signals about the commodity; - the marginal cost of replicating "digital" products, as well as the cost of communications , is rapidly decreasing and, as a result, the competitive differences between sellers in terms of their costs for servicing additional orders are being erased . 4. The requirements for managerial stability, which is understood as the speed of response of the company's management system to external and internal influences, will become significantly tougher. It is a necessary condition for the sustainable development of the company. The ability to effectively implement developments and introduce new ideas into production is affected by the level of innovative development of a company. A necessary condition for maintaining the sustainable development of the company's management system is their integration with the digital economy, including the optimization of the management system based on OMI , the creation of new management technologies, administrative processes and organizational structures. The results of the implementation of OMI, aimed at adapting the company's management system to the digital economy, in the short term can be : - a significant reduction in costs without compromising the quality and speed of business processes or improving the quality and speed of business processes at the same costs, bringing the business to a qualitatively new level, optimizing the organizational, functional and organizational and managerial structures of the company, increasing its readiness for change and development; - ensuring individual and group self-respect of the company's personnel, uniting the team efforts of the company's leaders, achieving overall job satisfaction. This creates the prerequisites for reducing administrative costs or operational costs by improving the order of work. A special place will be occupied by the requirements to ensure the facilitation of the circulation of knowledge within the company, its accumulation and distribution; - increasing innovation and business activity and employee satisfaction by optimizing the distribution of responsibility and the right to make managerial decisions in the company and coordinating work processes within its divisions and in the interaction of these divisions, as well as other structuring of work ; - use of external results of research and development, outsourcing based on new ways of organizing relationships with other companies and government organizations. Improving product quality , production profitability, strengthening the company's position in the market, reducing staff turnover, increasing profitability and other positive, including synergistic, effects. Conditions for the introduction of organizational and managerial innovations forming the conceptual basis of the digital economy Factors contributing to the implementation of OMI are : 1) flexibility of the organizational structure, democratic management style, the predominance of horizontal information flows, redistribution of powers, independence and self-planning, allowance for adjustments, decentralization, autonomy, formation of target working groups ; 2) support from the state, improvement of the regulatory framework governing innovation; 3) participation of employees in special trainings, educational seminars; 4) preliminary discussion of OMI, involvement of the entire team in the implementation of OMI; 5) implementation and use of OMI by competitors. The main factor hindering the implementation of OMI is the "ossified" structure of company management, manifested in excessive centralization, authoritarian nature of management, the predominance of vertical information flows, difficulties in inter-industry and inter-organizational interactions, orientation to established markets and short-term horizons of investment design. The consequence of this are : 1) the difficulty of coordinating the interests of participants in innovation processes; 2) absence or deficiency of: - the necessary methodology, techniques and skills for their development, introduction and effective implementation; - systems of indicators for determining the degree of their effectiveness; - theoretical and practical knowledge base in economics, necessary for the development and implementation of OMI in companies. The factors that ensure the high quality and effectiveness of OMI are : - providing the managerial decision maker and the company team with high-quality and timely information characterizing the parameters of the "output", "input", "external environment" and "process" of the innovation development system, demonstration of indicators and criteria on the basis of which OMIs are selected, analyzed and evaluated, including ensuring comparability (comparability) of options and multivariance of OMI; - application of scientific approaches in the development of OMI, analysis of the impact of economic laws on their effectiveness; - staff motivation in the matters of improving the efficiency of innovation and the mechanism for its implementation. To accelerate and increase the efficiency of the transition to a digital economy in Russia through the modernization of Russian industry, primarily the outstripping development of modern science-intensive and high technologies in Russian companies, the following measures are required : 1. It is necessary to develop a program for integrating Russia into the global digital economy on the basis of a balanced use of the benefits of globalization, while observing the principle of integration of innovative projects and business processes into the world economy and the conditions of national security and economic efficiency. It is required to introduce organizational, economic and commercial innovations to ensure effective technological exchange and realization of the technological advantages of the business models of Russian companies in the global digital economy. 2. It is necessary to introduce into the management system of the state system for supporting the convergence of digital technologies a planning system based on the principle of "counter planning" and elements built on the organizational and economic principles of PPP. 3. When organizing and managing innovative projects and business processes, it is required to take into account as much as possible the innovative strategy and development policy of the home territory (municipality, subject of the RF) of the company and Russia as a whole. 4. It is necessary to develop both rigid and network, cluster-type structures to solve the problems of innovative development for the strategic convergence of technologies of the digital and traditional economies in companies. 5. It is necessary to develop OMIs aimed at scientific and methodological support for the strategic convergence of companies with the digital economy. Thus, the development of the digital economy will lead to the creation of the OMI complex, which will ensure radical changes in the entire management system both in the digital economy as a whole and in its industrial sector, which currently dominates in Russia, in the innovation sector and in the knowledge sector. The OMI complex, which will become the managerial basis of the digital economy, should be built on the basis of the need to cluster industrial relations, which will take into account the economic interests of all subjects of the digital economy. Measures of managerial influence based on restriction and coercion are difficult to implement in the digital economy. The development of digital technologies in all types of activities due to the automation of managerial decision-making processes and the possibility of obtaining available information online will provide a significant increase in the efficiency of strategic management of economic entities at all levels while reducing the risk and uncertainty of the results of these decisions . 2.2. Development of information and analytical models of corporate governance in the digital economy. The global geopolitical and informational changes of recent decades are already forcing companies in the corporate sector of the economy to operate in fundamentally new conditions of the external environment, which is characterized by high volatility, deep interconnectedness of market entities, an "information explosion" - the growth of big data that is essential for making managerial decisions, new risks. In modern conditions, the following trends in the further development of the corporate market are distinguished : 1) The use by leading companies of management models that help unlock the potential of collective knowledge and informal networks within the company for further implementation in the growth of productivity and profitability of the company; 2) Gradual transition from traditional means of communication (e-mail, telephone) to the use of social networks and SMM (social media marketing) approaches to establish closer ties with customers, partners and a new generation of employees; 3) Active use of technology to transform organizational structures, expand partnerships and interact with external organizations; 4) Investing in the ability to process data to provide meaningful insights into consumer needs; 5) Increasing demand for more sophisticated business intelligence tools for intelligent data processing that are monitored on the Internet, social media, mobile communications in order to gain new knowledge that improves corporate efficiency of the company. Thus, one of the serious challenges in the information support of corporate governance in the XXI century is the creation of an adequate system of intra-company planning and forecasting, which will be able to provide the required speed, accuracy and adaptability of management decisions, taking into account new factors and risks of the external environment. In this case, the key tasks of such a system include: 1) Ensuring the integrity of the corporate-wide strategic and operational planning process; 2) Ensuring the required quality of short-term and medium-term planning and forecasting of the system of operational KPIs in conditions of high uncertainty and risks of the external environment; 3) The transition from the paradigm of "vertical" command management to the "distributed model" of cooperation based on promising business analytics software and tool applications. Corporate management pyramid - informational approaches to development In the new conditions, therefore, the classical three-level pyramid of management, successfully used in the corporate sector of the economy of the last century , will develop on a new qualitative basis. In this case, the management pyramid is understood as a diagram illustrating the hierarchy of relationships in a company in terms of the functions performed, which goes back to the work of the American sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902-1979). According to T. Parsons, three levels can be distinguished in a company: the highest - institutional, the middle - managerial, the bottom - technical. As applied to a modern company, such a classification is in good agreement with the three levels of corporate governance: the Strategic level, the Operational level, the Level of current operations, respectively. Taking into account the tasks formulated above, fundamental changes will affect, first of all, the operational level of planning. In place of the canonical budgeting process of the corporation and retro-analysis "Plan-Fact", tied to the accounting cycle of planning, adaptive solutions are already coming, which are being developed within the framework of rolling and flexible budgeting subsystems with elements of scenario analysis, expert support and statistical modeling. The development of such components of corporate governance is most productive on the basis of the development of analytical models for short-term forecasting of the results of the corporation's operating activities using feedback information systems that allow to adjust the model parameters taking into account new data about the forecasting object (fig. 6) . Accordingly, the well-known concept of corporate performance management CPM, proposed at the beginning of the XXI century by Gartner group , analysts, is receiving a new impetus for development - towards the creation of adaptive forecasting models based on information and analytical systems for decision making support (IAS DMS). Currently, the market has accumulated the first positive experience in information support of individual components of corporate planning based on promising business applications. With regard to the considered Operational level (fig. 6), such business applications include : 1) Analytical systems of the CPM class; 2) Systems of statistical modeling and data mining; 3) Analytical systems of BI (Business Intelligence) class; 4) The latest developments in predictive analytics and big data processing . Fig. 6. A promising information model for corporate planning In addition to information and analytical systems offered by the world's leading suppliers (IBM, SAP, Oracle, Microsoft, etc.), one should not forget about traditional ERP systems, which in many cases serve as sources of the accumulated historical "fact" of the financial and economic activities of a corporation and provide the necessary "feedback from the market" for predictive modeling. Successful implementation of an information and analytical solution to support the corporate planning system, taking into account the new management paradigm, requires serious preparatory work for its design based on the following steps : 1) Development of functional requirements for the quality of predictive analytical models; 2) Development of data quality requirements for modeling; 3) Development of a predictive analytical model with feedback (in some cases - a multiloop model with multiple feedbacks); 4) Development of an information-logical scheme for the implementation of modeling (taking into account external information flows); 5) Development of a modeling technique taking into account the chosen analytical platform. Digital corporate management system The global digitalization of the world economy, which is taking place before our eyes, is fundamentally changing markets, socio-economic relations, ways and possibilities of doing business. This is most noticeable in high-tech industries (IT, telecommunications, finance, trade), but in the foreseeable future, the processes of the so-called digital transformation will become total. According to IDC research, over the past five years, technology has already significantly changed companies, new players have appeared, and the strategic focus of market participants has shifted markedly towards the customer . Recent technological trends (Internet of things, big data analytics, augmented reality, cognitive and geoinformation technologies, etc.) have quickly become a reality to be reckoned with. Some experts (for example, the international consulting company Arthur D. Little) consider the digital transformation of business as the basis for corporate strategy for the coming years . A similar opinion is shared by other analysts of global companies that study the global IT market: Gartner, Accenture, IBM, Deloitte, etc. As a result, as shown in the works , the success of the development of most modern companies will largely depend on the effectiveness of mastering digital business tools, the ability of companies to transform and adapt their own strategy, products and business processes to new economic and technological conditions. The digital transformation of the management system affects all the related corporate processes (functions) of the company: marketing, finance, sales, logistics, etc. The information model of the digital corporate management system (macro level) is shown in fig. 7 . Fig. 7. Digital corporate management system based on predictive analytics This information model reflects, as described in the paper , the essence of the transition from slow scenario analysis and statistical modeling based on retro data to real-time forecasting and management based on predictive analytics and optimization models working with big data. Compared with approaches based on OLAP modeling , the considered information model is primarily distinguished by radical changes in operational management through the use of predictive analytics (blocks 4-5, fig. 7), as well as integration tools for managing big data in hybrid networks. One of the interesting directions in the development of predictive analysis is predictive modeling and the selection of the best solutions based on neural networks and machine learning using high-speed data processing and parallel computing. Currently, there is a rapid transformation of the global information space that affects the market, society, business and the state. We are witnessing the birth of and participating in the development of the "digital economy", the laws of which are not yet fully understood. What is meant today by the term "digital transformation" for a company means that digital technologies not only significantly affect the efficiency of its work - they radically change its structure, business processes, organization principles and management methods. Ultimately, digital transformation already determines the market prospects and value of companies in the markets for consumer goods and services (FMCG), financial, telecommunications, mass media, e-commerce, etc. In this regard, for large companies that have fallen into the zone of the digital economy, the quality and speed of information and analytical support for corporate governance are of particular importance. As discussed in the works , most modern corporations use accounting and analytical applications based on OLTP and OLAP systems, respectively, for planning, analysis and control tasks. The most common OLTP system in the corporate sector is the modern ERP system. The widely used OLAP systems include business intelligence systems, as well as corporate performance management systems. However, in the new economic conditions, as shown in the work , he classic functionality of the mentioned systems is no longer enough to solve new digital problems - due to the fact that ERP systems are focused on retro-analysis "Plan-Fact", BI applications process information about the past or (at best) current situation, while CPM systems do not contain ready-made predictive analytics tools (tab. 2) . Table 2 Approaches the improvement of corporate governance based on business intelligence Stage of development Tools Approaches Problem being solved Stage 5 Design not completed Optimization with probabilistic parameters How to achieve the best result if the constraints are probabilistic Stage 4 Data mining optimization models Optimization How to achieve the best result under given constraints Stage 3 Predictive analytics Forecasting What will happen in the near future? Stage 2 - CPM systems - business intelligence - OLAP - Statistical modeling based on retro data - Scenario modeling "What if?" - Detailing of analytics (drill down) - Methods of econometrics Modeling the results of the interaction of several factors and their joint influence on the result. Examining how (where, when, how often) this happened in the past. Examining a problem in the past at the deepest levels of detail. Stage 1 - ERP systems - Reporting on request - Reporting "plan-fact" - Retro analysis - Reporting - parametric reports (ad hoc) - Regulatory (immutable reports) What happened in the past? Currently (beginning of stage 3), it is said that it is necessary to use predictive analytics , which complements and enhances the capabilities of business intelligence and corporate performance management in terms of predicting future events. Predictive analytics uses a variety of data mining, statistics, modeling, machine learning, and artificial intelligence techniques to analyze current data to make predictions for the future. The patterns found in historical and transactional data can be used to identify risks and opportunities for future events. Predictive analytics models focus on relationships between many factors to assess risk with a specific set of conditions. The successful application of predictive analytics in a company allows you to effectively interpret big data to your advantage. Data mining, text mining, web mining, social mining combined with statistical analysis allows business users to create intelligent predictive systems by uncovering patterns and relationships in structured and unstructured data. Structured data sources, for example, can be any reference database, corporate transaction systems, and other data that has a clear structure. Unstructured (or semi-structured) data - is data that has been brought to a large extent by the digital economy. It does not have a predetermined structure, or is not organized in a set order. A typical example of such data is the text data of social media content, which is extracted using semantic analysis that takes into account the emotional component, and then used in the model building process. Gartner analysts believe that the further development of the global business analysis market will follow the path of active development of advanced analytics, including predictive analysis, building simulators and variable models. As can be seen from the scheme proposed by Forrester research (fig. 8) , approaches to the implementation of predictive analytics tools imply a continuous data processing cycle that turns them into knowledge, which is in good agreement with the requirements of the digital economy. Fig. 8. Approaches to implementing predictive analytics tools The central essence of predictive analytics is the task of determining a predictor or several predictors (parameters or entities that affect the predicted event). For predictive analysis to be successful, it is recommended to clearly follow the following stages: setting a goal, obtaining data from various sources, preparing data, creating a predictive model, evaluating the model, implementing the model, monitoring the effectiveness of the model. Along with the requirements for the quality of forecast data, which are necessary for a modern "digital company", the requirement for the speed of their provision is becoming increasingly important. Thus, the "digital" analytical system of the near future, which works with big data, must not only contain intelligent data driven models, but also meet the requirements of real-time systems. As part of predictive modeling, this can be achieved as follows : 1) The statistical modeling engine creates a series of models by analyzing retrospective data; 2) The resulting models are deployed and tested for predictive quality; 3) Unsuccessful models are replaced by more successful ones. The model building tool provides the creation of models based on historical data. Such models can be executed in batch mode or in real time on streaming data. The results of model execution can be used by the final optimization component to compare the results obtained by different models and select the most successful ones. The predictive modeling module can continuously create hundreds of predictive models, continuously check them against real processes, and optimize these models for optimal results. Common examples of predictive analytics applications include direct marketing, evaluating the effectiveness of promotional campaigns (based on segments, location, or delivery channels), targeting ads, detecting fraud schemes, modeling political campaigns, developing models of early diagnostics in medicine, and much more. The areas of application of predictive analytics are very wide, and at present we are only at the initial stage of their development. An important condition for ensuring the effectiveness of predictive modeling of complex dynamic systems is to determine the quantitative and qualitative patterns inherent in these systems. The complexity of this task lies in the fact that such systems are weakly structured, and obtaining the necessary additional knowledge about them is impossible without human participation. Regardless of whether the predictive model uses additional information from an expert (a group of experts) or receives it from other people (a target group of invited respondents), this information is always subjective. That is why, when modeling complex socio-economic systems, not individual mathematical methods are increasingly being used, but complexes of cognitive networks and hybrid models using the theory of fuzzy games, fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, neural networks, cognitive maps, evolutionary algorithms, etc. Cognitive analysis methods that are widely used in intelligent decision support systems should also include : 1) cognitive maps; 2) sign graphs; 3) network models; 4) graphs of causes and effects; 5) causal networks; 6) Bayesian networks; 7) networks of trust; 8) Saaty analytical networks. Modern digital technologies (blockchain, machine learning technologies, cognitive services, CPM/BI class systems, "smart things", intelligent applications for big data analysis) play an increasing role in corporate governance, gradually expanding their influence and capturing all sectors of the global economy one after another. Large-scale changes are taking place before our eyes: "digitization" (the use of digital technologies) and "digital transformation" (a radical change in business strategy and business processes under the influence of digitalization) are being actively introduced. These processes are becoming not only an objective reality for most companies, organizations and entire industries, but also a necessary condition for survival in the digital ecosystem "state - business - society". According to Gartner research , in 2017 there were 10 technology trends presented in table 3. Table 3 Technology trends Trend Trend name Comments on application in management Trend1 Artificial intelligence and deep machine learning Smart devices based on intelligent models and deep neural networks Trend 2 Intelligent applications Real-time services based on virtual assistants Trend 3 Smart things Industrial and consumer devices based on the Internet of Things Trend 4 Virtual (VR) and augmented (AR) reality Combination of virtual and real objects based on 3D technologies Trend 5 Digital "twins" Digital dynamic models of physical objects using sensors for simulation modeling Trend 6 Blockchain Chain data distribution and cryptocurrency Trend 7 Dialogue systems Network based dynamic services between people, processes, services and things Trend 8 Application and service mechanics Synchronization of devices and technologies on the principle of "smart home" Trend 9 Digital technology platforms New platforms that combine information systems, customer experience, analytics and forecasting, Internet of Things and business ecosystems Trend 10 Adaptive security architecture Multi-level real-time information security system, including based on blockchain technology In the future, most companies will have to transform into so-called "digital structures", which should operate on new management and technological principles. Today, the fundamental requirements for building a digital corporation are being worked out, which include a business model, organizational structure, business processes, channels, and the external environment. Analysis of approaches to digital business transformation The state of global digitalization is considered in detail in the study by A.D. Little , The state of global digitalization is considered in detail in the study by A.D. Little, while the main conclusion is that most industries are already affected by digital transformation or are waiting for its early impact, but most companies either do not know or ignore the potential threats from "digital impact" on their business. Unfortunately, despite the fact that digital approaches to management are in demand, many companies are not ready to implement them. The speed of digital transformation processes of companies is much lower than it is necessary to successfully overcome digital competition. The use of so-called "smart data" and the creation of personalized offers based on them for consumers currently lag behind the capabilities and needs of the digital market. Most companies are at the very beginning of the digital transformation process. Most large Russian companies are not yet ready for the systematic creation of a digital business model that will allow them to gain strategic advantages from digital technologies. However, given the high pace of global digitalization, it is very important to quickly adapt the best practices of digital transformation to the development of domestic business. Digital transformation affects all aspects of a company's activities, including strategy, operations and technology : - the digital company strategy focuses on defining the best customer experience, managing a unique business model and ecosystem, and managing change; - operations are committed to continuous improvement, integrating physical and digital entities, and building a culture that encourages iterative innovation; - technologies involve flexibility and use of the full modern technological potential, including analytics, cognition, mobility, etc. Digital transformation allows a company to gain a set of unique competitive advantages and become more sustainable. The company begins to evolve with a new focus based on new customer experiences and new ways of working. Some researchers have managed to formulate the main approaches to building digital models, taking into account the considered technological trends. Of greatest interest is the work of George Westerman, Andrew McAfee (MIT Center for Digital Business) and Didier Bonnet (Capgemini Consulting) , which provides practical examples of the successful transition of companies to "digital management". The authors conducted a survey of 157 managers from 50 large companies with an annual turnover of at least 1 billion dollars, represented in 15 countries. The authors developed a conceptual framework for digital transformation (fig. 9). The concept shown in the figure offers three areas of activity for the introduction of digital technologies (each of which has three groups of tasks) : improving the quality of customer service; transformation of operational processes and transformation of business models. Using the example of performance management optimization (block 2.3, fig. 9), we will consider what approaches can be used to transform operational processes in a digital corporation.   Fig. 9. Conceptual framework for digital transformation Concepts and models of digital corporate performance management Until recently, the information model of company management was well described by Howard Dresner's concept of corporate performance management, (CPM) , studied in detail by the authors in the works . However, the digital revolution and the continued exponential growth of data volumes have created an information gap between the strategic and operational levels of a company's management. A need to build an organization that could be managed in real time (RTE, realtime enterprise) arose. Such a task required further development of the concept of H. Dresner, as shown in figure 10 . Let's consider how the information support of the continuous cycle of digital control is changing based on such classical blocks of the CPM system as Analysis, Modeling, Planning and Monitoring. Analysis. To implement digital corporate governance, a classic CPM solution that provides "Plan-Fact" analysis must evolve from descriptive analysis towards predictive and recommendatory analysis. Modeling. Modeling is closely related to analysis. Key performance indicators (KPI) modeling based on "What-If" scenario analysis will evolve and is already evolving towards predictive modeling based on predictive analytics. Planning. In the commonly accepted "Plan-Fact-Forecast" paradigm, planning is a forecasting function based on the fact. In the new digital paradigm, it should not only be based on the results of forecasting and the actual results of the main activity - it should be adaptive and support real time. Obviously, machine algorithms and advisory analytics will play a big role in decision-making, helping decision makers make optimal decisions in real time. Monitoring will develop through the further development of visualization tools and deeper integration with analytical applications and services for working with smart devices, big data and other components of the digital ecosystem.   Fig. 10. Digital enterprise performance management As follows from fig. 10, the further development of the classic CPM concept is associated with the digitalization of the corporate strategy, business model and business processes, as well as the transition to real-time company management (RTE) for all key components of the control loop (analysis, modeling, planning and monitoring). The described digital control blocks are studied in more detail in the works , which is reflected in the figure 11 (levels 3-4) , presented below. At present, blocks, applications and services presented at levels 3-4, and in some cases at level 2 (fig. 11), are commonly referred to as "advanced business analytics". As seen at level 4, advanced analytics is part of a process of modernizing classic business intelligence tools and enriched with new functionality. For example, blocks 4.4, 4.6, 4.7, which were not used in traditional CPM solutions, can be fully attributed to new blocks. Next-generation business intelligence can be embedded in information real-time systems (RTS), it can support both the strategic and operational contour of corporate governance based on statistical data processing, data mining and optimization modeling. The role of analytics in the management of a digital company is very large, since the analysis of customer experience is at the heart of improving operational efficiency and developing new business models. The sources for analysis are network and social analytics, data from CRM and ERP systems, data from mobile applications, and loyalty programs. All this data goes through the stages of collection and cleaning, integration, analysis using modern algorithms for solving problems of classification, clustering, forecasting, such as neural networks, decision trees. Cognitive models, methods and algorithms are used to engage customers more deeply in the company's activities, for proactive marketing and sales, and, ultimately, to build new business models for the company's activities. Fig. 11. Conceptual digital model of corporate governance based on advanced business intelligence As can be seen from the presented model (fig. 11), technological innovations have affected all levels of system design : 1) the level of integration in hybrid networks is distinguished by new opportunities for processing external data, which include big data (primarily, this concerns unstructured data from social networks); 2) the level of high-speed data processing based on new computing technologies (for example, the use of InMemory technologies, columnar databases, parallel computing); 3) providing access to data based on multi-agent systems and technologies for extracting and cleaning data from specialized storages; 4) standard advanced analytics solutions that include not only statistical and scenario modeling tools, but also cognitive business intelligence technologies based on the predictive modeling described above, as well as optimization tools that will be offered to the market in the coming years. As shown in level 4, advanced analytics is part of the process of modernizing classic BI tools and is enriched with new functionality. Next-generation business intelligence is able to integrate into information real-time systems (RTS) and can support both the strategic and operational contours of corporate governance based on statistical data processing, data mining and optimization modeling. The considered scheme and digital model of corporate governance (fig. 10-11) are well aligned with the conceptual framework of digital transformation (fig. 9). Currently, there is no universal strategy for the development of the described digital models, so each company will independently determine the trajectory of its own development. The development of digital models of corporate governance at the same time implies the fulfillment of the following requirements for the construction of these models : - requirements for a digital development strategy; - requirements for digital management of operational efficiency; - requirements for the digital transformation of the organizational structure; - requirements for digital transformation of business processes; - requirements for information and analytical support for digital management; - requirements for the speed of decision-making (real-time models as part of RTS); - requirements for working with digital data (integration of advanced analytics with corporate digital processes); - requirements for digital competencies of personnel. Today, the scientific community has accumulated a certain potential for the implementation of so-called "digital projects", which are already in demand by the real sector of the economy. The joint efforts of business customers, data mining experts and technology partners will certainly lead to the practical implementation of such projects. This means that in the foreseeable future the quality of corporate governance will begin to approach the level of already existing digital technologies. Thus, the development of advanced business intelligence systems provides corporations with methods, models and technologies of a fundamentally new quality - in accordance with the challenges of the digital economy. However, one should not think that the new generation of analytical applications and services will save corporations from the need for digital transformation. The practice of developing individual components of advanced business analytics, as described in the works , indicates that all participants in the digital market will not only have to transform IT systems. Digital transformation also implies the transition of companies to "digital management", a revision of the organizational principles of management, business processes and their analytical support. 2.3. The main directions of engineering of grid companies at the strategic, tactical and operational levels. Increasing the dynamism of economic interactions between companies under the influence of modern digital technologies creates the preconditions for the formation of organizational alliances or value-creation networks with a non-linear nature of interaction, allowing the production of innovative products and services in accordance with the dynamic needs of the market. Four out of five small and medium-sized companies worldwide recognize the clear benefits of digital transformation, according to a global study conducted by IDC, a global research and consulting firm, commissioned by SAP SE. These benefits include increased turnover, reduced costs, easier access to information, and improved customer service and employee productivity. However, the potential of digital transformation is not yet fully unlocked: less than 7% of small and medium-sized companies have completed the integration and process data in real time, optimizing processes and workflows to increase operational efficiency . In digital transformation, the key factors for the maturity of companies are not so much the actual introduction of digital technologies, but a fundamental change in the management system under the influence of digital technologies. Moreover, the engineering of the company's business processes based on modern digital technologies should go on an ongoing basis, ensuring a continuous stream of innovations. So, according to a joint study by Gapgemini Consulting and the MIT Sloan School of Management , companies that simultaneously implement digital technologies and carry out the transformation of the management system, provide up to 25% increase in profits, and companies that only automate their existing business processes achieve a profit increase of no more than 10%. Thus, for the transformation of companies, it is characteristic to carry out changes in business models that comprehensively consider business processes, organizational structures, production technologies, and financial flows. Such a transformation is unthinkable without the use of engineering methods for designing architectural models of companies, which are reflected in the concept of engineering of companies. Under the engineering of companies, we understand the continuous design and innovation activities of a company to implement digital transformation based on the application of a set of engineering principles, methods and tools . The basis of modern business models of companies is a network model of partnership and cooperation, and companies produce services to a greater extent than products . Modern engineering of companies is based on the principles of the 4th generation Industry, which include : - individualization of production and provision of services, i.e. realization of the capacity for efficient unit production. Business processes become fully customer-centric; - decentralization of management, which ensures the company's ability to self-organize, including using cyber-physical devices as part of the implementation of the concept of the Internet of things; - providing self-control of efficiency based on the ability to analyze and predict the performance of processes in real time due to the processing of large amounts of data; - implementation of open innovation by developing new product concepts based on the systematic involvement of experts, customers and suppliers in the development; - implementation of service-oriented business models in terms of ensuring the multiplicity of channels for sending orders to the production system, the formation of production processes "on the fly"; - ensuring transparency of product lifecycle management (PLM) in real time using the technological capabilities of the Internet of things. In order to reach the level of the Industry of the 4th generation, the company must go through the development path in 6 stages of digitalization : 1. Computerisation - automation of all business and production processes. 2. Connectivity through the use of the Internet of people, the Internet of things, the Internet of services based on the use of CAD/CAM, MES, ERP, SRM, SCM technologies. 3. Visibility through the creation of a digital display of the state of all production and business processes using a system of sensors and BPM systems. 4. Transparency through extracting knowledge from data by applying big data processing methods and tools. 5. Predictive capacity based on the use of predictive analytics technologies adapted to production, cognitive and neural network methods and tools. 6. Adaptability to changing external conditions based on multi-agent systems and knowledge management technologies. Moreover, the implementation of 4-6 stages is unthinkable without the use of artificial intelligence technologies, neural network and cognitive technologies. The central aspect of the engineering of companies that ensures digital transformation is the creation of network structures for the interaction of business partners, which are called network companies. Thus, a network company is understood as a company that performs dynamic interaction with business partners (customers, suppliers, subcontractors, etc.) and its geographically distributed divisions in the main business processes (development, production and promotion of products and services), widely using knowledge management methods within the framework of an integrated information space in the Internet environment on the principles of service implementation of needs in the creation of products and services. Moreover, the needs, as well as the products/services themselves, have a digital form of representation, and the dynamic interaction of participants in network business processes should ensure business decision-making at the pace of business requests or opportunities . The following requirements are imposed on the modern architecture of a network company : - network value models of partnership and cooperation of companies form chains of interrelated business processes that are established dynamically depending on the innovative idea of a new product or service; - the key characteristic of grid companies is the ability to quickly access knowledge about the market situation and adapt the business processes of the companies' functioning in accordance with them, which ensures an increase in their competitiveness in the market; - the architecture of a network company becomes intelligent due to the ability to flexibly combine company design elements depending on the state of business processes and the external environment using feedback mechanisms; - it is proposed to use ontological models, multi-agent technologies and service-oriented architectures as a technological basis for network companies. To create a dynamic network company, its architecture must be flexible and adaptive, allowing you to combine different components of value chains on a dynamic basis. In this regard, a need arises, on the one hand, for the systematization and informational description of the provided components of the architecture, which is achieved through the use of the mechanism of ontological conceptualization of knowledge sources (information resources), and on the other hand, the development of a mechanism for dynamically linking activity counterparties that can be effectively implemented. using intelligent multi-agent technology and service organization of interaction procedures. The service-oriented architecture of a network company is built on three levels: strategic, tactical and operational . At the strategic level, the task of identifying and developing key competencies (types of activity) of the company that has a significant impact on its position in the market is solved. In the long term, key competencies (types of activity) unfold into a system of values created for consumers, implemented in the form of strategic plans for the production of products and services, for which targets and measures are set for achieving them. At the tactical level, the task is to determine a set of business processes in the value chain, which, in accordance with key competencies (activities) and critical success factors, are either performed by the company itself or outsourced to partners, and attracting partners is the same as developing one’s own competencies is carried out on a dynamic basis. At the heart of building such a value chain is a chosen business model that links together a set of different business processes. At the operational level, in accordance with the key features of the selected business model and key performance indicators, as well as specific emerging and changing circumstances in the business environment, the task of configuring online business processes is solved. Monitoring the execution of business processes leads to the accumulation of real statistics, on the basis of which the business model is corrected from the position of selecting its specific components. Controlling the achievement of key performance indicators at the business model level, in turn, may necessitate a correction in the company's strategy. To solve the listed tasks of engineering of the company's architecture, it is advisable to use and develop the following methods and means of intelligent technologies : - ontological engineering, the application of which leads to the construction of an ontology that allows structuring and displaying goals, processes, resources, organizational structures at different levels of presentation (strategic, tactical and operational), making transitions between them in order to detail and specify the planned actions; - fuzzy calculations that allow solving multi-criteria problems of choosing design solutions based on a qualitative interpretation of quantitative indicators in order to substantiate key competencies, business models and participants in business processes; - multi-agent technologies that implement the construction of effective dynamic interactions of intelligent agents in joint business processes of network companies. The central component of the engineering of a network company is an ontology that ensures the effective interaction of all interested participants in joint activities in the information space. For the implementation of intensive information exchanges between participants of network companies, the following are distinguished as the main factors that determine the need to use the ontology of the company : - dynamic attraction of clients and experts from the company's ecosystem in the "on demand" mode; - fast integration of agents as subcontractors and partners into dynamically formed business processes; - integration in one multi-professional team of agents-experts representing different subject areas; - support for semantic interoperability of systems within the framework of the general business process being formed. To organize the information space of interacting subjects of a network company, the ontology should reflect : 1. At the strategic level - goals, critical success factors, key competencies and their combinations, key performance indicators and business model requirements. 2. At a tactical level - a business model for implementing value chains. 3. At the operational level - the distribution of roles between interacting agents of activities and corresponding resources. In the ontology of the company at the strategic level of the company, strategic goals are formalized, which are organized in accordance with four layers of the balanced scorecard and form the financial, marketing, process and resource-technological layers of goals. Each strategic goal is specified by a set of critical success factors identified in accordance with the SWOT analysis method: internal opportunities and limitations (based on a general analysis of the state of resources and technologies) and external benefits and threats. In the following, these critical success factors are considered when analyzing specific business models aimed at achieving goals. On the basis of critical success factors, key performance indicators and their boundary values are formalized, which the company should strive for, and key competencies (activities) that ensure the achievement of strategic goals are determined. In the ontology of the company at the tactical level, value propositions and the ability to form them in accordance with the business model are formalized. The value proposition reflects a set of characteristics of the products and services provided, which for the consumer will correspond to the opening opportunities (capabilities). To implement the value proposition, a chain of creation is built, in which each process included in it with a set of resources used is associated with the capabilities of the implementation. In accordance with A. Osterwalder's classification , it is proposed to formalize abilities: integrate external and internal resources, use various distribution channels, create new types of products and services, combine products and services at the request of consumers. In the ontology of the company, activities are formalized at the operational level, agents (actors), their roles in activities, as well as the resources used are defined. According to J. Dietz, there are two main roles of agents : the coordinating role of the customer agent in the process of forming/monitoring the fulfillment of value requirements and the production role of the agent-executor that creates value. For all activity components, semantic templates of attributes and actions are defined. A key characteristic of network companies is the ability to quickly search for information about value propositions in the market and their resource provision and, accordingly, quickly and adaptively configure business processes to meet emerging needs, which is ensured by the use of a dynamic multi-agent system. As a method of organizing a multi-agent system, it is proposed to use a transactional approach to configuring business processes, which ensures the effective implementation of the dynamic interaction of intelligent agents in the integrated information space of network companies. From the point of view of software implementation, intelligent agents must have a set of service procedures that generate requests, check their feasibility, select and configure a business process, execute them, check compliance with output requirements, and respond to exceptional conditions. The state of transactions is represented in a dynamic database ("bulletin board") available to interacting agents. The knowledge base contains sets of decision rules that are applied depending on the characteristics of a particular subject area. Since the process of implementing the transaction involves intelligent agents who perform their roles for companies that are not related at the initial stage, then in the process of concluding an agreement between the participants in the process, risks associated with the insolvency of counterparties may arise. These risks may be due to the insufficiently good financial position of the network company participants, the unreliability of information sources about the technologies and resources used. From this point of view, counterparty companies must provide each other with the necessary information for mutual verification of the viability and ability to perform the necessary services. In this regard, interacting intelligent software agents make decisions based on the knowledge base of the rules for assessing the economic condition of business partners using open sources of information in the Internet environment. The functions of assessing the reliability of partners are assigned to specially dedicated intelligent agents that carry out competitive intelligence. For a dynamic analysis of the effectiveness of service maintenance on the part of agents-executors, it is advisable to accumulate statistics on the interaction of agents and the occurrence of problem situations in the information storage and subsequently process it with business intelligence software. In this regard, there is an opportunity for continuous engineering of business processes, which allows for timely localization of problems, diagnosis of the causes of occurrence and the formation of recommendations for improving the components of the business model for effective digital business transformation. 2.4. Digitalization of the educational environment: opportunities and threats for the economy. In the near future, the educational environment is expected to undergo major changes associated with digitalization. The e-education system generates new opportunities and new challenges. The main opportunities include solving the problems of accessibility of education, expanding the possibilities of choosing the form of education, increasing the variety of tools for transferring knowledge. The problems of the e-education system can be divided into two classes: current (transitional) and immanent. Currently, e-education is facing such problems as the desire to imitate full-time education, poor quality control of educational products, low interactivity, and primitivization of competencies. The most significant inherent shortcomings of the e-education system are the problems of socialization and transfer of implicit knowledge. Digitalization will inevitably lead to the transformation of the educational services market. The main players will be leading universities (generation of new knowledge, development of fundamentally new educational products, training of scientific personnel); companies - manufacturers of electronic educational products and global educational platforms (transmission of finished educational products to the consumer). The present time is characterized by a radical modification of the educational environment, expressed in the following main trends : - transformation of educational organizations into scientific and educational complexes; - transition to mass higher education, which necessitates a differentiated approach to building a system of higher education in the direction of both increasing the number of levels of such education and expanding the ways of obtaining it; - transformation of education into a continuous process as a result of the exponential growth in the volume of new knowledge and, as a result, the need to constantly update the knowledge and competencies of employees; - commercialization of the education system by expanding the range of paid services and changing the methods of its budgetary financing (transition from budget to custom, including per capita, method of financing); - development of distance education based on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT); - globalization, the consequence of which is increased competition between educational institutions for students, teachers and funding, including in the form of orders for research work; - development of educational platforms (Coursera, Edx, Universarium, Lectorium, etc.) that create competition for traditional educational organizations; - possibility of introducing artificial intelligence into the educational process. The combined impact of these factors on the education system determines the need for a fundamental change in the existing forms and methods of educational activities. Attempts to respond piecemeal to certain challenges can only lead to short-term results and at the same time create threats to future development. Most clearly, such threats are manifested in the field of creating a digital educational environment. New opportunities and challenges created by the digitalization of the educational environment Digitalization of the educational environment can occur in various forms : 1) transfer of existing educational materials, including lectures, presentations, textbooks, assignments for independent work and knowledge control tools, into an electronic environment; 2) formation of an interactive electronic environment for interaction between a teacher and students, including the creation of electronic classrooms for teachers, hosting webinars, discussion forums; 3) creation of new types of educational tools: electronic textbooks, electronic problem books, video lectures, quests, computer games; 4) creation of fundamentally new forms of education through the use of the possibilities of the electronic environment - expanding the range of imaginative transmission of information, modeling various situations in the course of role-playing games, imitation of competitive games; 5) inclusion of artificial intelligence capabilities in the learning process. Today, the process of digitalization of education in the vast majority of educational organizations is carried out mainly in the first two forms. This makes it easier for students to access educational materials, to reduce the amount of teaching load that has no meaningful value (lecturing in the form of retelling a textbook, seminars in the form of independent problem solving, checking tests by a teacher), to facilitate control over the content of the academic discipline and the educational process. In addition, this process allows you to significantly expand the range of distance learning services. However, following in the wake of this trend, you can sooner or later lose your place in the education system (in the educational services market), since in this case we are not talking about creating a competitive system of e-education, but about introducing certain computer-based learning opportunities into the educational process. Meanwhile, one cannot but agree with the thesis of Johan Wissema that e-education is "a disruptive innovation that will inevitably weed out inefficient universities, after which a relatively small number of winning universities will benefit from this new technology" . As is known, a disruptive innovation is an innovation that initially seems to most market participants to be niche (significant for a specific niche and has no prospects for the entire field of the market), since the characteristics of a new product that are important for consumers are significantly inferior to existing analogues . But as traditional features improve, new options become more valuable to consumers, disruptive innovation drives substitute products out of the market, and the companies that make these products become outsiders. It is to this type of innovation that e-education belongs. Currently, it is significantly inferior to offline education in terms of a number of characteristics that are significant for consumers. However, only those educational organizations that can take their place in the online education market in time and offer the market an ever-improving quality of relevant services have a chance to stay in the educational space in the future. The benefits of online education include : 1. Solving the problems of accessibility of education: - overcoming territorial barriers to access to knowledge; - removal of time restrictions - access at a convenient time for the user; the possibility of fractional access due to the division of classes into blocks; - access to knowledge from highly qualified teachers. 2. Expansion of possible choices: - the ability to choose a teacher and a way of presenting the material - an emphasis on logic, images (associations) or practice (cases, tasks); - the ability to choose the method of mastering the material: auditory, visual, through motor skills or interactive participation; - the ability to choose the depth of assimilation of the material - a wide range of courses; - the ability to choose a comfortable way to control knowledge: tests, tasks, free essays, projects, interactive interviews with artificial intelligence. 3. Expansion of forms and tools of knowledge transfer: the use of project work, group debates, role-playing and competitive games, including with virtual participants, along with traditional lectures-performances and seminars. 4. Socio-economic benefits: - the possibility of forming social intellectual networks according to interests; - relative cheapness (large investment and low current costs). The disadvantages of the e-learning system can be divided into two classes: 1) problems inherent in the current level of development of the digital educational environment; 2) immanent shortcomings of the distance learning system. The main problems of today, which determine the low quality of the existing system of online education, are : 1. The desire to imitate full-time education, resulting in a deterioration in the quality of the copy compared to the original. Digital goods can be divided into 4 groups. The first group includes goods that are initially developed in digital format and do not have offline prototypes (software, text, audio and video files that are immediately created in digital format). Replication of these goods occurs by cloning, and each clone is equivalent. The second group is digital copies of already existing goods (digitization of books, films, documents, works of art). In this case, even the most perfect copies are usually valued below the original. The third group consists of digital forms of access to information, including knowledge, and services (registration of rights, online payments, online purchases). Finally, the fourth group is the use of digital images of ordinary goods that do not replace their prototypes, but allow them to be managed more efficiently (flow and stock management based on tracking quantity, placement, speed of movement). Currently, most of the content included in the electronic educational environment belongs to the second group and is significantly inferior to the best examples of its offline prototype. 2. Weak quality control of educational products. Unfortunately, some modern online courses reflect the low qualifications of the teachers preparing them. Since the educational services market is characterized by a high degree of information asymmetry (education is a typical type of trusted commodity), the consumer cannot always assess the quality of the knowledge offered to him. As a result, instead of transferring knowledge, ignorance is being replicated. This problem can be solved by creating special filters that check the content of educational products before they are placed on the educational platform, including through the use of artificial intelligence or an internal review (expertise) system. 3. Low interactivity. To date, it can be considered proven that the traditional education system based on the triad "understanding - repetition - memorization" is significantly inferior in effectiveness to active teaching methods based on the involvement of the student in the learning process. Studies show that with predominantly passive perception of information, learners retain in memory 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, and 50% of what they see and hear at the same time. At the same time, with the active perception of information, they retain in memory about 80% of what they said themselves, and 90% of what they did themselves . Unfortunately, at present, the electronic educational environment does not offer very wide opportunities for interaction. The exceptions are specialized forums that appear on certain platforms. However, this drawback is not a consequence of the immanent properties of the electronic educational environment, but of the existing ways of using it. Technically, nothing prevents the formation of remote interactive communication within the electronic environment, including in real time. Moreover, the use of the capabilities of artificial intelligence will allow in the future to organize interactive learning without the participation of other individuals. 4. Primitivization of competencies. This is a general disadvantage inherent in the use of digital technologies as such. The point is that electronic assistants, including calculators, navigators, spellers, dictionaries, accounting and legal programs, atrophy many of the competencies of their users, wean them from building their own holistic picture of the world. As a result, the roles are changing: former electronic assistants become the central link in the process, and former specialists are gradually turning into operators in the corresponding programs (taxi drivers, accountants, translators, lawyers and even doctors). Similarly, the possibility of constant use of hints in e-learning reduces the incentives for independent search and aggregation of knowledge, the formation of one's own vision. This problem can lead to disruptive selection - the division of the education system into two streams: the education of generators capable of forming and complicating their own picture of the world, the creation of new knowledge, on the one hand, and the training of operators who skillfully use existing knowledge and software products, on the other. At the same time, it is very important that the task of mass training of operators does not obscure the much more difficult task of growing generators. At the same time, the most significant inherent shortcomings of the e-education system are : 1. The problem of socialization. Even with the use of interactive forms of education, there is still the problem of educating students, transferring them the skills of social interaction, embedding them in the institutional environment of public life. If formal norms can be taught remotely, then the translation of conventional norms and social values requires the student to be immersed in social interaction, personal example and emotional coercion. Education is a form of teaching conventional norms and conventional roles. A conventional norm is an informal norm (model, custom) of behavior adopted in a given community that allows members of the community to understand each other and coordinate their actions. A conventional role is a representation of a prescribed pattern of mutual behavior that is expected and required from an individual in a particular situation, if the position he occupies in a joint action is known. Apparently, it is disciplining, including the psychological support of students, that will be the main function of the teacher of the future. In other words, gradually the center of gravity in primary and secondary education will shift from the task of transmitting information to the task of socializing students. 2. The problem of transferring implicit knowledge. As is known, Michael Polanyi divided knowledge into two categories: explicit (verbalized) knowledge, which can be transferred from one person to another using a system of codes, and implicit knowledge, which is inseparable from a person, but can be transferred to another person in the process of joint activity . The student adopts from the teacher a way of seeing the world, approaches to solving problems, a culture of working with information, the art of generating ideas. All these skills are passed on through personal example in the process of teamwork from teacher to student. Teaching is not only the transmission of facts, but also the art of intellectual search, which requires face-to-face communication with students . Of course, the main part of the context of any course, which is the systematization of accumulated knowledge, can be studied online. But the methods of solving complex problems are better to "learn live". No wonder good teachers prefer to solve problems on the board, refusing to use slides. Even more effective is the method of learning through independent problem solving with the help of a teacher, when the teacher not only helps the student with auxiliary questions and corrects his mistakes, but also evaluates new approaches to solving the problem offered by students. The problems of socialization and transmission of tacit knowledge make it inexpedient to completely replace traditional education with an electronic educational environment. However, it is obvious that the field of offline education will constantly shrink. Main characteristics of the digital education market E-education is a combination of ICT-based distance learning with artificial intelligence. E-learning services are a network good. Network goods have two pronounced economies of scale: the scale of production and the scale of consumption. The scale effect of production for e-education is obvious (the main part of the costs is the investment in the creation of the first copy). As for the economies of scale of consumption, it is more subtle and manifests itself in such factors as improving the quality of educational platforms and the courses presented on them as the number of users of these platforms grows; expanding the possibilities of forming social networks based on subject interests on the basis of educational platforms; enhancing the image of education through a first-class educational platform. The study of the patterns of functioning of markets for network goods is currently in its infancy. However, some of their characteristic features can already be noted : - high investment costs act as barriers to entry into the market, determining its oligopolistic nature; - high investment and current fixed costs necessitate the achievement of significant sales volumes to ensure the level of payback; - the increase in the value of a network good as the number of its consumers increases contributes to actively stimulating its distribution at the initial stage of bringing the good to the market, including through dumping prices. As the critical mass of consumers is approached, the price of the network good increases; - a high level of competition requires the constant development of new improved versions of the product, constant updating of content; - the rapid obsolescence of goods due to the appearance of substitutes leads to the deployment of competition in terms of product quality. All these features are also characteristic of the e-education market. Therefore, timely entry into this market with a competitive product is so important. In doing so, two questions need to be answered: 1. Which structures will be the leading players in the future market of educational services: universities or independent educational platforms? 2. What characteristics of the product will become decisive during the intensification of competition? Currently, educational platforms exist in two main forms: local (intrauniversity) and independent (interuniversity). At the same time, most universities consider independent educational platforms as a way to promote their courses and their brand. Meanwhile, the process of uberization, i.e. the transformation of platforms into leading market players, may become the main one for the education system in the not too distant future. According to J. Wissema, the leading universities of the future will turn into centers of international research hubs, cooperating with other universities, research organizations and the state, as well as commercial companies in terms of applied research . At the same time, it is possible that in the future, not universities, but digital educational platforms will become the central links of educational networks. However, their market power may be significantly less than the power of digital platforms in the field of trade or the provision of conventional services, since the courses presented on them will need to be constantly updated due to the permanent increase in knowledge. In other words, the most likely future of the education system is presented in the form of a division of three core competencies between leading universities, global educational platforms and companies producing ready-made educational products : - leading universities generate new knowledge, develop fundamentally new educational products and implement the training of research personnel mainly in the form of joint creative work; - manufacturing companies offer lines of ready-made educational products that differ not only in the subject and depth of presentation of the material, but also in the way it is transmitted (audience segmentation according to preferences in perception); - global educational platforms broadcast finished educational products, including in the field of higher education, for the consumer. The position of the educational platform in the hierarchy of the educational space will be determined by such factors as the quality and variety of educational products (specific courses), the breadth of choice, the ability to design the content of the educational program, ease of navigation and interface, and the prestige of the certificate. At the same time, along with educational platforms offering a line of prestigious high-quality education, there will be platforms that meet the demand for lower-quality educational products. Similarly, along with leading universities that are centers of international research hubs, there will be local educational organizations that are part of the network of one or another hub. As already noted, the currently offered digital educational products are mostly copies of their offline prototypes. On the best educational platforms, the corresponding copies have certain advantages over the average level of conventional educational products : - as a rule, lectures by first-class teachers are offered; - lectures are divided into mini-blocks, allowing you to master complex topics in stages and manage the time of mastering the material; - there is the possibility of multiple viewing to clarify obscure places; - there is a choice for studying the same discipline with different teachers; - the competent use of visual effects, including animation and excerpts from films for illustration, helps to better assimilate the material. At the same time, at present, even the best online courses are significantly inferior to the best face-to-face educational products due to the lack of the effect of introducing creativity. Digital imitation of traditional courses leads to the impoverishment of communication tools, the exclusion from practice of such forms of obtaining knowledge as its personal processing in the process of taking notes, discussion of contentious issues among students and with the teacher, individual adjustment by the teacher of the knowledge and skills of the student in the process of solving problems, playing role-playing games. That is, in order to occupy a significant market share and compete with their offline counterparts, not only in terms of accessibility, digital educational products must change dramatically. Own means and own languages of knowledge transfer, own forms of material presentation, own ways of including students in the educational process should be created. This can be done through the division of labor. At present, a good teacher must simultaneously play several roles: a scientist who generates new knowledge; a writer who systematizes and presents knowledge in an accessible way for his students; theater director, staging performances of classes; actor playing the main role (lecture); discussion moderator (seminar); artist (slide production); editor (selection and combination of excerpts from an existing film library). Naturally, some roles are better for one person, while others are worse. At the same time, if part of the numerous functions of preparing and conducting a good course is divided among different specialists, the quality of the final product can be significantly improved. Problems and challenges for the Russian education system The main threat of digitalization of education for Russia is to be on the periphery of the global educational environment. This threat can be realized as a result of several factors: belated entry into the global market; inadequate product quality; language barrier; voluntary inclusion of leading Russian universities into the orbits of already existing global networks as satellite partners. Delay in entering the global market. It may be a consequence of the illusion of the significance of the scale of the domestic market, the possibility of maintaining educational autarchy. Today, the majority of Russian households are in demand for domestic education. The argument in favor of this position is the poor knowledge of the English language by our population. However, it is already possible to find free language courses on the Internet, and in the future the offer of the relevant educational service will only expand. For English-speaking educational organizations, this product will be a stimulating good that will ensure an increase in demand for their main products. Thus, with the development of e-education, the market for educational services is becoming increasingly global. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that an untimely entry into any market causes enormous difficulties in achieving a significant position in its hierarchy. And we are talking not only about the fact that it is always much easier to conquer a significant market share at the stage of its formation (growth), but also about the fact that the dominant players set their own standards and their own rules of the game in their field of the market, preventing changes in the hierarchy of this field . Inadequate quality of existing products. It is due to the underestimation of the opportunities created by the joint use of ICT and artificial intelligence. So far, even the best Russian courses are an imitation of face-to-face classes, a way to expand the audience using the Internet. If work on creating our own e-learning language does not begin soon, we risk being at the forefront of this trend. Meanwhile, it is in the direction of the creative expansion of tools for creating educational products that we can have obvious advantages. Due to its cultural identity, Russia has always been distinguished by innovation in the fields of art, including painting, theater, cinema and literature, as well as significant achievements in the field of abstract sciences, especially mathematics. Language barrier. Even teachers who know English well, which is gradually becoming the common language of elite education (an analogue of Latin for medieval universities), in most cases are inferior to native speakers both in terms of ease of use and in terms of perception by listeners (emphasis, intonation errors, humor quality). Voluntary acceptance of a peripheral position. In the Russian intellectual community, two ideas amazingly coexist with each other: a sense of one's own uniqueness and reverence for Western models. For more than 20 years, the leadership of the system of Russian education and science has been constantly trying to reform the system of domestic education by implanting Western institutions and introducing a system for assessing domestic achievements using dubious measurement techniques (number of publications in Scopus & WOS systems, Hirsch indices). In other words, we ourselves accept the rules of the game, obviously beneficial to those who are their developers. In such a system of coordinates, many Russian educational organizations, realizing the globalization of the educational environment, can begin to "line up" to take the place of satellites in international educational hubs, and eventually turn into another "assembly site" of transnational corporations. Meanwhile, one cannot but agree with Academician S.Yu. Glazyev that the transition to a new technological order gives our country unique chances to change its position in international value chains . The education system is the field where we still have chances. The education system is the "bridge" that should provide not only the Russian economy, but the whole society with a confident transition to the digital era, associated with new types of labor and a sharp increase in the creative capabilities of a person, a rise in his productivity. 2.5. Risks and chances of the digital economy for subjects of economic relations. As already noted, the digital economy as a new qualitative phenomenon is still not fully studied and understood, although it has been developing for more than 30 years. From the standpoint of theoretical research, such slowness is common and not surprising, but from the standpoint of the legal regulation of the economy, the delay is not only extremely unacceptable, but also dangerous. Unfortunately, it is the lag in the development of modern economic theory, the insufficient assessment of the risks and chances that accompany the digital economy, that create the prerequisites for making erroneous decisions in the field of its legal regulation. In this regard, it is advisable to analyze the risks and chances that the development of the digital economy brings. So, let's consider the risks of the digital economy. • Extreme dependence of economic agents on the Internet. Violation of the normal functioning of the telecommunications infrastructure can completely paralyze the functioning of various systems at all levels of the economy. The Global Report of the World Economic Forum notes that one of the most dangerous risks for humanity is a critical failure of the information infrastructure . In the financial sector, digitalization has gone very far. Therefore, it is one of the most vulnerable elements of the economic system for the implementation of this risk. In addition, it should be noted the formation of the psychological dependence of the population on the network, the emergence of the phenomenon of "clip thinking", the difficulty in perceiving reality in a huge amount of information, much of which is false and/or manipulative. • Digitalization, involving the development of robotics and artificial intelligence technologies, creates risks for workers, especially for people with low and medium skill levels. A number of professions are expected to disappear, unemployment will rise, and social guarantees for workers will be reduced. The PWK report, released in 2017, cites the share of jobs at risk of automation in different countries by 2030: in the US - 38%, in Germany - 35%, in the UK - 30%, in Japan - 21%. World Bank experts cite even more ominous figures for developing countries - up to 2/3 of all jobs in the coming years can be automated . Domestic scientists predict that by 2030 57 "traditional" professions will disappear in our country, but 186 new ones will appear . • The backlog of the education system from the needs of the digital economy. Standardization of the educational process, on the one hand, ensures the unification of educational programs and the training of specialists with a predictable set of knowledge, skills and abilities. On the other hand, the education system remains extremely inertial, unable to respond to the constant and significant changes caused by digitalization and other results of scientific and technological progress. There is a need for a transition to a more flexible system of personnel training, adaptation of educational programs to the modern realities of the rapidly transforming labor market. An important element in the training of young specialists should be the formation in them of the habit and need for constant self-education, obtaining not only skills, but also knowledge, as well as readiness to change professions during a long working life. One of the most valuable qualities is the worker's adaptability to rapidly changing working conditions. • Digital Divide. As in the result of previous industrial revolutions, the development of the countries of the world within the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution will occur unevenly. As a result of the development of digital technologies, the division of the world into the center and the periphery will further intensify. Inequality in development will continue to increase at the regional level due to differences in the quality of regional human capital, financial opportunities, and the level of infrastructure development. Similar phenomena are observed in China, where the level of development of the digital economy in the eastern and southwestern regions differs by a factor of two . The state of California can be cited as an example, which surpasses the rest of the US states in terms of GRP and is the center of information technology development . At the micro level, digital inequality manifests itself between citizens, taking into account their age, gender and educational characteristics. • Oligopolization in the information market. At each stage of the development of the economy and society, there are key economic resources and dominant social groups. In a post-industrial society, such roles have been acquired, respectively, by information, as well as the owners and top management of companies associated with data processing. They enter into confrontation with the "old" industrial and especially financial elite. In a post-industrial society, the main advantage of modern high-tech companies is the ability to accumulate and process huge amounts of information about the most diverse aspects of the activities of individuals and legal entities using the Internet in one way or another. This opportunity has emerged as a result of the widespread use of telecommunication technologies and personal electronic devices with constant online access . As a result, IT companies have tools to actively influence the decision-making process of economic entities. Such companies are able to offer potential customers those goods and services, the desire to possess which may not even be fully realized by the consumer. These companies have the ability to shape public opinion and influence political processes. Thus, a class that has intellectual dominance acquires power over other citizens, who in certain cases lose their subjectivity in decision-making. Based on historical experience, it can be assumed that the information market (as an economic resource) will undergo oligopolization processes, which will manifest itself in the concentration of production factors in the hands of a relatively small number of owners of huge and powerful IT companies, as well as in the concentration of data (and, accordingly, processed information) in the data centers of these companies. In our opinion, a negative scenario for the development of the digital economy may also be the excessive use of technology by the state to control and suppress citizens. • Reduction of possibilities of state control of the digital economy, given the trend towards the formation of horizontal links between economic entities, bypassing the traditional channels for the exchange and consumption of goods and services. Decentralization and anonymity, which are characteristic features of many relations in the information society, tempt economic agents to avoid fulfilling obligations to the state, create a false illusion of its uselessness, and provoke behavior according to the "free rider" model. The state should stop such facts, but at the same time, prohibitive regulation will be ineffective, as it will create difficulties for law-abiding citizens and entrepreneurs, but will not solve the problem of circumvention of the law by violators. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new ways to determine the tax base for entrepreneurs who build their business through direct horizontal links. Also, the state should ensure maximum transparency in the process of spending budget funds, which will lead to the awareness of the population of the need and social utility of paying taxes. • The use of modern technologies for analyzing big data, as well as the active collection of a wide variety of information about users by various companies, leads to them obtaining significant advantages over consumers. The result of this is personalized advertising, the artificial formation of public opinion, the imposition of services. Also dangerous is the diversification of citizens in terms of their level of well-being and solvency based on the analysis of their digital identity, which leads to a selective approach in providing them with services and even rights. An example is the experience of the PRC in using a social rating system that divides people into groups whose members have different rights and opportunities. Such experiments are completely anti-democratic in nature and demonstrate the possibility of using modern technologies to return to an archaic type of society. • Attempts to establish prohibitions on the use of financial technologies themselves, rather than legal regulation of their use as a consistent development of previously formed legal approaches. The complexity of the problem creates a temptation to solve it by simple and crude methods, primarily of a prohibitive nature, which ultimately creates new problems, worsens the general conditions for doing business in the country, and leads to the growth of the shadow sector of the economy. An example is the prohibitive regulation of the cryptocurrency market. Nevertheless, it should be recognized that their regulation should be carried out in a civilized manner and reflect a clear pragmatic position. • The backlog of legislation and law enforcement practice from the rapidly changing realities of the digital economy. Of course, a significant part of crimes is currently committed using information and telecommunication technologies, but they are quite traditional in nature (fraud with bank payment cards, distribution of drugs through the network, etc.). But digitalization has led to the emergence of crimes in which the impact is aimed directly at automated computer systems, the classification of acts in which (for example, as fraud) is significantly difficult. It can be assumed that as the development of digital technologies and their application in the economy accelerates, this gap will only increase, expanding the opportunities for actual criminal activity in the time lags that form between the start of the criminal use of new technologies and the emergence of legislative tools to prevent such activity. • Increasing risks of cybercrime in the context of the development of the digital economy. Of particular note is the importance of developing information security technologies. The widespread use of information technologies and the digitalization of various fields of activity create the effect of "cumulation" of risks in the conditions of the functioning of many interconnected complex systems. The already mentioned report "The Global Risks Report 2019" notes that there are quite probable and serious risks: "critical destruction of information infrastructure", "IT fraud and data theft", as well as "cyberattacks". The activities of cybercriminals are dangerous for several reasons. Firstly, it is transnational in nature, which makes it much more difficult to combat it even without taking into account the factor of multi-level anonymization of the criminal's personality, which is achieved using modern technologies. Secondly, the object of attacks by cybercriminals is information, which is an important "resource" of a post-industrial society. Destruction, theft and compromise of information can lead to extremely negative consequences for both citizens and companies, as well as for states. Thirdly, infrastructure and production facilities are increasingly being targeted by cybercriminals and cyberterrorists. The spread of cyber-physical systems and the high level of interaction and interconnectedness of various objects through information and telecommunication technologies make them extremely vulnerable to cyberattacks. Fourthly, the cost of resources for committing cybercrime is incomparable with the possible damage from them. Fifthly, often the activities of cybercriminals are not of a pronounced institutional nature, they may not be built into the system of "traditional" organized crime, which complicates the activities of law enforcement agencies. Management of challenges and threats, further risks, is an integral element of the overall management system for the development of the digital economy. The complexity of managing this element lies in the fact that it is necessary to develop and have a clear forecast at what stage in the development of the digital economy the direct appearance of challenges and threats is possible and, most importantly, which ones. This process is called risk identification and includes: - analysis of plans and the current state of development of the digital economy of the object; - identifying the nature of the manifestation of economic, technological, social and organizational factors in the development of digitalization; - analysis of the composition of participants of all interested parties, the consistency of their actions to develop the digital economy; - determination of the degree of integration of organizational, financial and labor resources of all participants in the development of the digital economy - identification of existing and forecasting potential risks associated with the state of the facility or plans for the development of the digital economy. An assessment of the likelihood of manifestation and consequences of the impact of each type of risk, the development of proposals and measures to eliminate the negative impact on the development of the digital economy are the next steps when choosing a risk management scheme. For this, various groups of risk management methods can be used: risk avoidance, dissipation (distribution), retention with subsequent risk reduction, risk transfer, compensation, and others. The developed risk management scheme is further coordinated with the program (plan) for the development of the digital economy of the object and is divided into three levels of management - strategic, operational and tactical. Let's also consider the chances of the digital economy: • Favorable processes in the labor market. As already mentioned, digitalization leads not only to the disappearance of jobs and professions, but also to the emergence of new ones. Opportunities for remote work are also expanding, which will lead to greater employment opportunities for residents of remote and depressed areas, as well as for people with limited mobility. The creation of network structures that function distributed and do not need offices will lead to companies saving on rent and will reduce the time spent by employees on the road. Such transformations in the labor market require reforms in the field of labor legislation, for example, in terms of accounting for working hours, control over its duration, working hours, part-time work. Researchers also note an interesting phenomenon of returning the production of a significant part of consumer goods and services to the household through the improvement of household appliances . Such an observation is also evidence of some decentralization of the modern economy within the framework of the concept of joint consumption. • Using the concepts of the Internet of things and big data to improve the efficiency of economic activity and reduce uncertainty. The creation of "smart" systems, automation of processes in various fields of activity, which consists in the collection and processing of significant amounts of data by machines, as well as the exclusion of a person from routine activities, will increase the efficiency of using economic resources and reduce the impact of uncertainty in decision-making. The use of industrial Internet technology will have a positive impact on the functioning of most sectors of the national economy. The development of the concept of "smart cities" and "smart houses" will ensure more efficient use of resource-saving technologies, favorably affect the quality of the urban environment and the lives of citizens, and increase the level of public safety. • Development of security and risk management technologies. The development of digital identity technologies and blockchain will ensure the security of the activities of economic entities, reducing transaction costs, reducing the impact of asymmetric distribution of information, reducing the uncertainty factor. The use of drones, robots and artificial intelligence systems will reduce the need for human participation in hazardous activities, reduce the risk of the "human factor", and automate public security systems. • Automation of industry and services, as well as the development of 3D printing and other additive manufacturing technologies. Robotics and artificial intelligence are reducing the need for labor resources in an environment of mass production and standardization of service delivery. At the same time, the development of additive manufacturing technologies opens up opportunities for product customization, which is likely to lead to a return to the creative approach to production, increasing the demand for highly skilled workers capable of creating unique products in accordance with the specific needs of the customer. • Possibilities of almost endless segmentation and restructuring of the digital economy due to the constant emergence and disappearance of its elements (niches). Such flexibility expands citizens' opportunities for self-realization and self-sufficiency, which contributes to economic growth and reduces the social burden on the state. In addition, the emergence of new niches creates additional opportunities for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as the implementation of start-ups. In this regard, an important postulate of legal creativity should be the creation of favorable conditions for the emergence and development of new niches of the digital economy. • Reduction of transaction costs. One of the characteristic features of the digital economy is the reduction of the role of intermediaries through the creation of digital services (for example, electronic trading platforms) that provide direct contact between the supplier and the buyer of goods or services. At the same time, the location of counterparties, language barriers, currency differences cease to have a significant impact on the economic relations of various entities. • Improving the quality of public electronic services for both business and the public. Governments around the world are increasingly moving to digital technologies, and in developing countries, the number of IT-intensive jobs is higher in the public than in the private sector. By 2014, all 193 member states of the United Nations (UN) had national websites: on 101 of them, citizens could create online personal accounts, on 73 - to file income tax returns, on 60 - to register a company. In terms of the most common core government administrative systems, 190 UN Member States have implemented automated financial management, 179 have used such systems for customs clearance, and 159 for tax administration. Of these, 148 have implemented some form of digital identity, and 20 have established multipurpose digital identity platforms . Thus, the above list of risks and opportunities that accompany the process of formation and development of the digital economy is not exhaustive. Ignoring the above risks and chances for the development of the digital economy is accompanied by the threat of errors in planning and decision-making in the field of economic regulation, both at the legislative and executive levels of government. It is also necessary to pay close attention of scientists from various fields of science to the changes in society that accompany the development of digital technologies. 2.6. Technologies for ensuring information security of economic systems in the context of digitalization of the economy. In the modern economic system of any country, the most important aspect is the digitalization of the economy and ensuring its security at all levels. The digital economy is an economic activity focused on digital and electronic technologies. As world experience and international practice show, in terms of ensuring economic and information security, special attention is paid to protecting public and private interests (fig. 12) . At this stage of time, in many countries of the world, work is underway to adopt laws on electronic commerce and electronic documents, since one of the most important areas for ensuring information security is the protection of electronic documents and electronic commerce. The main tasks in this area include : - expansion of the legal field; - equal use of electronic forms of information along with other types of media; - reduction of the number of restrictions and barriers to the creation, dissemination and use of information products and technologies. Fig. 12. Directions for ensuring information security in the world community The modern competitive economy, based on the use of new information systems and technologies, the development of control systems based on digital platforms, the use of blockchain technologies and the Internet of things, the analysis of big data, generates a variety and number of information security threats . Analysts at IDC predict that spending on information security (IS) will grow more and more every year in the world. This is often associated with the following : - commercial companies and other organizations are aware that information security is just as much of a resource as technology and means of production, so the cost of building an information security system will now be considered as an investment; - the financial stability of the company is ensured by information security, therefore, companies are constantly required to make more and more active investments in ensuring the security of both information and infrastructure; - expenses are needed to develop a comprehensive information security strategy, inventory and improve their assets in information technology, threat response strategies, and fight ransomware epidemics; - the growth rate of spending on information security is related to the internal policy of the state, which has proclaimed a course towards the development of the digital economy, which includes all areas: from healthcare and education to transport and finance; - a continuing shortage of skilled professionals and regulatory changes such as the General data protection regulation (GDPR) are fueling further increases in cyber security spending; - one of the key factors driving the increase in information security spending is the introduction of new methods of detecting and responding to threats; - the main driving force behind the rise in cyber security spending is IS risks (cyberattacks and information leaks) that can harm companies associated with the costs of restoring their normal functioning. Experts predict a more active annual growth in companies' spending on information security. At the same time, reasonable questions arise: what is the limit of this growth; what level of average costs for information security will be optimal for large companies; what is the average damage to companies from various cyber security incidents; how much companies should spend on their information security. Experts predict a more active annual growth in companies' spending on information security. At the same time, reasonable questions arise: what is the limit of this growth; what level of average costs for information security will be optimal for large companies; what is the average damage to companies from various cyber security incidents; how much companies should spend on their information security. These can be both absolute and relative indicators that characterize the global costs of large commercial companies, banks, financial organizations and other global costs for information security, which experts can represent in various segments (directions) . The costs of information security are formed under the influence of many factors, the most important of which are cyber threats. Cybercriminals, depending on the object of attack, set goals and objectives, determine the type, ways and methods . Let's consider this process on the example of industrial companies. Ensuring the cyber security of industrial companies is currently the most acute problem. This is due to the growing number and complexity of cyber threats and the lack of clear ways to deal with them. The most significant options for cyber threats, depending on their goals and the specifics of the company's activities, are as follows : - company computer network hackers are trying to steal technical and economic information about the product being developed from a competitor company; - criminals, using an encryption virus, can try to stop the work of the company, disable emergency protection; - cybercriminals can manipulate the price of securities quotes of the required company on exchanges; - industrial fraud, which is fraud in the field of information technology, in particular, unauthorized actions and unauthorized use of resources and services in networks; - other cyber threats, such as: hidden cryptocurrency mining in the technological segment, the presence of malicious software waiting for an activation order from a command center from another country. Let's consider what types of cyberattacks are most common in the world, how they are carried out, where they come from and what damage they cause to companies and organizations : - a higher percentage of ransomware detections was recorded in countries with the most accessible Internet for the population. The USA holds the first place among them with 18.2% of all malware attacks of this type; - the famous Ramnit trojan has largely affected the financial sector. In 2017, 53% of Ramnit attacks targeted this industry; - the majority of malicious domains (about 60%) are associated with spam campaigns; - 74% of companies have more than 1000 outdated sensitive files; - malicious programs and network attacks - two types of attacks, most financially damaging for companies. Organizations have spent an average of 2.4 million dollars to protect against them; - the financial services industry values everything related to cybercrime to the maximum; on average, the company is charged 18.3 million dollars. - Microsoft Office files (for example, Word, PowerPoint and Excel) represent the most common group of malicious extensions - 38% of the total; - about 20% of malicious domains are completely new, they are used about a week after they were registered; - more than 20% of cyberattacks in 2017 were committed from China, 11% from the USA and 6% from Russia; - the largest percentage of applications with cyber security problems are the so-called lifestyle applications. Of these, 27% are malicious. Among music and audio apps, malicious are 20%; - most often, malicious applications leak phone numbers to attackers (63%), the second place is the location of the device (37%); - in the period from 2015 to 2017, the USA suffered the most from targeted cyberattacks - 303 large-scale attacks were registered; - among the most detected malware are Heur.AdvML.C, Heur.AdvML.B and JS. downloader. In Russia, in connection with the transition to a digital economy, the number of cyber threats is growing sharply. In total, in 2018, more than 4.3 billion computer attacks on critical information infrastructure were detected in Russia, of which over 17 thousand are the most dangerous computer attacks. Around the world, the damage from cyber security incidents is constantly growing. Companies have to take various preventive measures to be prepared to deal with emerging new threats, and this is associated with a significant increase in the cost of protecting against cyber threats . The average costs of companies to eliminate the consequences of only one cyber incident in Russia, for medium-sized businesses, is about 1.6 million rubles, and for the large business segment - 16.1 million rubles. Under these conditions, companies need to understand that their information security costs are not a negative factor that reduces the degree of economic efficiency, but must be considered a strategic investment that ensures the continuity of their business processes and that creates advantages in an era of rapidly evolving cyber threats. However, the sources of these costs need to be carefully selected and analyzed . In the context of high digital interdependence between various economic entities, the creation of a secure information environment is becoming an integral element in the formation of a sustainable digital economy . In terms of information security, the least controlled areas among the many digital technologies are big data, the Internet of things and artificial intelligence technologies. Already, companies such as Amazon, Apple and Google have formed digital platforms using artificial intelligence, and the social networking site Facebook has launched DeepTex technology, which has the ability to recognize user behavior trends by their messages . The potential benefits of these digital technologies are certainly significant, but their implementation creates threats to the security of the public's personal information, and the slightest data leak undermines confidence in innovation and the economy as a whole. Concern about the consequences of the loss of personal information is related to the presence of cases of data theft, directly or indirectly related to digital technologies. A significant part of the incidents is related to the violation of the policy of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information that underlies socio-economic activity in a digital environment. These violations over time become more large-scale, frequent and difficult in terms of eliminating their consequences. Information security breaches also occur due to the fraudulent activities of organizations to which users have provided personal information. Information leakage in this case occurs due to misleading users about the offered products, services and conditions for their purchase, as well as due to the low level of information protection on certain online platforms. The increase in the number of information security violations in the context of the digitalization of the economy is associated with the constant complication and growth in the use of digital technologies. In recent years, both large and small companies have faced more frequent and more severe information attacks on businesses . Digital technologies used in a company are gradually becoming the main value of the company, so cases of industrial espionage for political or economic purposes are not rare. Assessing the economic consequences of information attacks is very difficult, some companies try not to report information security violations, if it is not related to the legal consequences of theft of trade secrets. We can say that the loss of data leads to many negative results: damage to business reputation, loss of competitiveness, financial loss in case of fraud, disruption of production plans, deliveries, as well as increased costs due to the need to restore lost information. One of the key problems in the information security system in the digital economy is the low level of information security culture. Employees are not always aware of the risks of losing economic information, in addition, it should be noted that the largest percentage of leakage falls on internal employees, it is internal employees who in most cases are involved in the loss of information. In the modern conditions of the digital economy, each company must regularly assess the level of its information security, answering the following questions : 1. How rationally are financial resources distributed between the company's staffing and digital technologies aimed at data protection? It is important to consider that hiring new staff without increasing digital awareness of the existing one is an ineffective way to improve the company's information security. Also, digital technologies are constantly being improved, and in order to maintain competitiveness in the market, it is important to use all the available opportunities provided by modern data protection tools. 2. Is the importance of certain measures to ensure information security correctly assessed? Determining the levels of information security of data will help to optimally evaluate the contribution of various information security tools. 3. Has the company created conditions for the introduction of modern digital technologies for information protection? The use of new technology should be preceded by planning and creating conditions for its effective use, which will reduce the number of failures and errors, and, therefore, reduce the cost of establishing the process of technology functioning. 4. How rationally is information security ensured throughout the entire chain of services or work? The company interacts with many counterparties with which it exchanges data, so it is important to analyze the security of information transfer to other economic entities. 5. Does the company's management effectively cope with the tasks of ensuring information security? Company management is the most important element in the formation of information security, since the success of the implementation of measures largely depends on the coherence of the actions of employees. Increasing the information security of companies can be ensured through a multi-stage analysis of emerging threats : Stage 1: analysis initiation. At this stage, based on the analysis of emerging information threats, the need to revise the methods adopted in the company to ensure the safety of data is determined. As a rule, partial implementation of existing information protection measures is detected, and the development of internal company standards for optimal data protection is also required. Stage 2: process management. Ensuring information security is divided into separate processes, responsibility for each of them is distributed. Stage 3: implementation and control. The process of ensuring information security is integrated into the business model, consistent with the company's development strategy, control over the implementation of the measures taken is carried out, and the effectiveness of innovations is evaluated. Stage 4: forecasting. Determination of the need to adjust the measures taken to ensure information security, further implementation of digital technologies in order to more fully cover possible threats. Stage 5: optimization. Continuous improvement of the information security system is carried out; data protection is becoming a fully automated process, integrated into all areas of the company's activities. In the context of the formation of the digital economy, information security issues should be considered not only at the level of individual companies and organizations, but also at the state level. Thus, the digital transformation carried out in many sectors of the economy has led to a change in the scale of activities of economic entities and new risks and threats that the world has not encountered before. The formation of the digital economy largely depends on information security: the emergence of threats to the safety of digital data is becoming one of the main areas of security, both at the state level and at the level of individual organizations and citizens. At present, attacks on data storage systems are becoming more complex and frequent, so information security issues should be a priority in maintaining the sustainability of the economy.

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