The state of demographic potential in the Primorsky Territory, the most numerous in the Far East by the number of inhabitants, is considered. Stimulating the birth rate ensures an increase in the share of young people in the region. The problem of migration of young people associated with obtaining education in the central universities of the country and abroad with the intention to find application of their knowledge in other regions and foreign companies is identified. Geographical distance from the leading scientific and educational centers of Russia – indicate the need for changes in the availability of higher and secondary special education for young people in the Far East.
Far East, demographic potential, factors of youth migration
The state of the state's human capital depends on two interrelated factors: demographic potential and its quality. In recent years, decisions aimed at regulating demographic and migration processes in the Far Eastern Federal District have been repeatedly taken at the state level. In this regard, the appeal of the authorities to this problem, the development and implementation of state programs of the corresponding orientation is quite natural. But despite this, the population in the region continues to decline. The steady trends of demographic degradation and the low level of socio-economic attractiveness of the region indicate that the efforts made so far do not change the current situation [1, 5, 6].
The lack of state interest in high-quality labor potential may worsen, and the creation of long-term prerequisites for improving the competitiveness of household members in the labor market is possible through investments in youth education and health [2]. Analyzing the dynamics of the age composition of young people, the current levels of fertility and mortality of the population that form its composition, the task was to assess the quantitative potential of future settlements in the Far Eastern territory.
What is the demographic situation, we will show on the example of the Primorsky Territory, the most numerous among the Far Eastern subjects of the federation. Primorsky Krai ranks first in terms of population in the Far Eastern Federal District-23.2% of the total population. According to estimates, as of January 1, 2021, 1902.7 thousand people permanently lived in the Primorsky Territory, with a predominance of the urban population. If we estimate the change in the number of inhabitants over the past decade, the decrease by 51.7% was due to migration outflow and by 48.3% to natural decline [3].
In the Primorsky Territory, the significant excess of the number of women over the number of men, which is typical for the population of the whole of Russia, continues, now from the age of 49 (at the beginning of 2009-from 41). A noticeable drop in the number in the age structure is observed in the group of 15-19 years (less than 1.5 times, compared to 2009, in boys and 1.6 times in girls) and 20-24 years (1.5 times in boys and 1.8 times in girls) [4].. As a result of the catastrophic decline in the birth rate in the 1990s. Due to the increase in the birth rate in recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the number of children in the age group of 0-4 years. Population under working age was in 2009 – 306202 pers, 2019 – 340576 people. If we consider the changes in the main age groups over the past 9 years, the number of working-age people decreased by 12.7 %, and the number of those younger than the working-age group increased by 11.1 %. The proportion of children born to women aged 25 to 35 years increased from 52.3 % in 2009 to 60.4 % in 2018, and in women over 35 years from 9.5 % to 18.3 %, respectively [4]. In recent years, the proportion of repeated births has increased, the main part of which falls on women over 25 years old. Such an economic factor as the maternity capital received at the birth of the second and subsequent child had a serious impact on the increase in repeated births. In 2007, it amounted to 250,000 rubles. The size of the maternity capital was reviewed annually. Since 2012, the Primorsky Territory has introduced the payment of regional capital – 30,000 rubles. From January 1, 2021, the payment of the maternity capital amounted to 639,431 rubles (an increase of 2.5 p). Payments of regional capital increased to 139,985 rubles. for the second child and 177,841 rubles. for 3 children, an increase, respectively (in 1.3 p. and 5.9 p.). And the size of the maternity capital, in contrast to the regional, is the same for the whole country. The increase in demographic potential is noticeable, but its growth rate is not sufficient for the implementation of the adopted roadmaps of economic growth [3, 4]..
According to the state of the demographic situation, the region, as well as the Far East as a whole, did not go far from the post-war situation. There are some opportunities to increase the labor potential within the region. In such demographic conditions, there is a need to review the terms of training of young people in school and in professional institutions, including universities. In particular, it suggests reducing the duration of education in general education schools to 10 years [3]. To reduce the duration of training, it is possible to use more effective forms of "family education", external studies, and distance learning for schoolchildren. Distance learning is especially important for the former Baltic republics, Ukraine, and Moldova, which declared war on the Russian language.
Currently, there are contradictory trends in the field of domestic higher education [6]. On the one hand, the emphasis is placed on academic mobility, the openness of universities, and the attraction of foreign students. On the other hand, the outflow of talented young people to foreign universities in various fields and levels of training is increasing. There is also a third trend – internal educational migration, which is associated with the admission of graduates from the subjects of the Russian Federation to central universities. In this regard, regional universities are experiencing great difficulties, which face difficulties in recruiting students in their areas of training. The demographic base has decreased, and school leavers have become fewer due to the low birth rate. All this affects the personnel policy in general, since graduates who studied at central universities practically do not return to their "small homeland", which ultimately affects the quality of regional intellectual capital. A special role is played by how strong regional universities are to attract applicants from their own and other regions, foreign students with a high quality of education. It makes sense for graduates of the Far East to provide training of specialists required in the Far Eastern labor market for quotas in the leading universities of the country, as it has already been done for some autonomous entities.
Considering the age profile of child migration, it is impossible not to notice the highest level of migration at the age of 14-15 years [2]. The "difficulties" created with the admission of Far Easterners to central universities, in the form of inflated tasks on the Unified State Exam, the approximately equal cost of education in the Far Eastern and metropolitan universities, encourages parents to send children as early as 14-15 years old to the European part of the country in order to ensure their further admission to the selected "top" university. There is only one conclusion: in far-eastern universities, education should be fully budget-funded, if the country needs specialists in the region who will work in familiar natural and social conditions.
However, it is much cheaper to get a higher education under a contract in the Russian leading universities, in the capital universities the price is about 400 thousand rubles a year (about 7 thousand dollars). In Russia, you can also give your child a paid school education. Most schools operate in large cities. The price for a year of training is from 60 to 150 thousand rubles [7].
The citizens of the CIS countries who speak Russian, are familiar with the Russian culture, and are ready for integration and socialization are more interested in Russian educational institutions. This makes it expedient to expand the legal regulation of the status of educational migrants, guarantees of their education, and other issues, including within the framework of bilateral agreements between Russia and these countries [8].
Of particular interest to Russia in recent years is the educational sphere. Young people are focused on studying abroad. Eastern wisdom says: "If you want to defeat the enemy, bring up his children." The dynamics of the international market of educational services, the capacity of which, according to experts, is 50-60 billion dollars. It is characteristic of such leading recipient countries, which accept more than 70 % of migrants for training, as the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Australia, China, Canada and Japan [6]. The last four of these countries enjoy priority among the Far East.
Russians are ready to invest a lot of money in their children with an eye to the fact that they will remain abroad. According to the Gallup Research Center, about 20% of citizens would like to emigrate [7]. In this regard, the appeal of the authorities to this problem, the development and implementation of state programs of the corresponding orientation is quite natural. But despite this, the population in the region continues to decline. The steady trends of demographic degradation and the low level of socio-economic attractiveness of the region indicate that the efforts made so far do not change the current situation [6].
According to the Gallup Research Center, about 20% of citizens would like to emigrate [7]. More than 40% of respondents aged 15 to 29 expressed a desire to leave their homeland forever. Parents feel political and economic instability, so they want to ensure that their children can choose a country for a longer life. In adolescence, it is easier to adapt to a different cultural environment. As a result, the demand for foreign boarding schools is growing even more than for higher education [7].
With regard to the migration of children, important issues of international regulation are the protection of children's rights, based on international legal norms. Moreover, not only those who leave separately from their parents, but also those who live there with their parents who have Russian citizenship [8]. The issues of adoption of Russian children by foreign citizens are relevant. Despite the fact that the demographic potential is being degraded in the country, children were taken out of the country for a long time. Moreover, with the consent of the Russian state, without the necessary legal protection and further control over the adopted children. Until they reach the age of majority, they are essentially considered Russian citizens. In general, adoption was allowed with a certain diagnosis, but getting a conclusion with a "necessary" diagnosis was not a problem for adoptive parents. The provisions on possible adoption are not universally the same for foreign and Russian adoptive families. In the context of globalization, not only the general characteristics of international migration processes are changing, but also the conditions that determine them.
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