Abstract (English):
The book contains materials on the search for modern and buried alluvial and primary deposits of diamonds. Much attention is paid to prospecting testing of potentially diamondiferous deposits and provides information on all types of diamondiferous rocks currently known. It is addressed primarily to young geologists who have embarked on a search for diamond deposits. It will find the answer to many questions by many geologists, prospectors and prospectors, leading the search for gold and diamonds. While this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.

Keywords:
diamonds, deposits, Basaltoids, Impactites, Tuffisites, Metamorphites, Lamproites, Kimberlites, placers, Angarida

The main purpose of any type of sampling in the search for diamonds, gold or other placer-forming minerals is to obtain a concentrate by dividing the initial sample into light and heavy fractions, followed by pouring the light fraction into a dump. The concentrate is a schlich consisting of heavy fraction minerals, which may include HDC, diamonds, gold, platinum and other valuable minerals and their aggregates. During operational work, mineralogists examine concentrates under a binocular microscope in the field, but this is usually done in the winter during the office period. Prospector trays, various depositing devices or mechanical depositing machines are used to obtain concentrates. Fig. 18. Korean-style prospectors are made from poplar or aspen: small, medium, giant, and supergiant. 6.1. Elementary Jigging Basics Jigging is a method of separating mineral grains of the investigated sediments by specific gravity. In the field, jigging is always done in an aquatic environment. As a result of repeated shaking and swaying, the terrigenous material is repeatedly weighed and loosened, and then sank to the bottom and compacted. In this case, the heaviest fraction is located in the lower part of the sand mixture, and the light fraction (tails) settles on its surface. Then it is gradually washed out by a scraper during water washing. All jigging machines, cradles and butars are based on the same principle. Fig. 19. Prospector tray with grooves on the flush plane and a paddle for removing coarse-fragmented material, and crushing clay pellets during screening. The specific gravity of the heavy fraction is usually more than 3.2 g/cm3, and the light fraction is 2.7 g / cm3. The more intermediate fraction in the material (specific gravity 2.7 - 3.2 g/cm3), the worse the jigging occurs, and the resulting concentrate is not black (dark), but gray or light gray. Sometimes geologists deliberately force the scrappers to wash up to gray concentrate in order to preserve the heavy fraction as much as possible. This is very negatively perceived by mineralogists, who have to carry out additional work to remove minerals of the light fraction in laboratory conditions using bromoform. One of the simplest methods of depositing is washing the sample in a prospector's tray (Fig. 18). Before washing, the tested material is subjected to wet screening on a sieve, the mesh size of which is adopted by the researcher himself (from 5 to 2 mm), depending on the dimension of the studied components. Screening is usually carried out in shallow water, where a sieve is placed on a tray immersed in water, into which the material to be tested is poured with shovels. After screening in water (until the tray is full), the oversized sample remains are abruptly turned over and the gravel-pebble material is carefully poured onto the sandy bank. Here, they scan the washed pebbles and gravel in order to visually search for large diamonds and fragments of diamond-bearing rocks. The concentrate is washed off from the material that turned out to be in the tray. The finishing of the concentrate must be completed when the concentrate acquires a dark gray color. This careful flushing (leaving a small amount of light fraction minerals) is necessary to avoid loss of HDC. Fig. 20. Prospector trays made of plastic and metal: a - Australian (gateway in a tray) Hillier's plastic tray (Turbopan), b - black plastic (Estwing BP-16), c - green plastic (Garret Gravity Trap), d - rectangular plastic green trap (LeTrap), e - combined, multifunctional with catching grooves and a micro-lock at the bottom (Trinity Bowl), e - steel grooved with three retaining grooves (Estwing), g - prospector's set, h - hexagonal plastic blue (JOBE Hex). The hexagonal shape contains two faces of deep grooves (6 on each) for primary processing of the material, two faces of sixteen secondary grooves for main processing and two sides with a textured surface for finishing washing. The washing of the concentrate samples and the production of the diamond-bearing concentrate is carried out in ordinary Korean-type prospector trays (see Fig. 18). An experienced washer can wash from 20 to 50 trays per shift, i.e. 0.2-0.5 m3 of rock. The loss during washing in such a tray reaches 15% or more (Crater, 1940). In order to reduce the loss of useful components, trays with a corrugated surface of the flush plane are used (Fig. 19). For the first time, a tray with a corrugated surface was developed and applied by M. V. Solodyankin. Laboratory tests have shown that the Solodyankin tray surpasses even the Wilfley jigging table in terms of the quality of extraction of heavy fraction minerals (Crater, 1940). The reader should be reminded that already at 80% recovery of the heavy fraction into concentrate, almost all diamonds are in concentrate (Romanchikov, 1983). This is explained by the high penetrating ability of diamonds down to the sieve of the jigging chamber due to their high specific gravity and low coefficient of friction for most minerals and rocks (high migration ability). Therefore, it is permissible to operate jigging devices and machines, on which the yield of the heavy fraction is at least 80%. Manufacturers currently offer a variety of plastic and metal trays (Figure 20). Fig. 21. Portable foldable airlock (Royal backpack). Mini-sluice four-kilogram installation: general view in assembled and disassembled state. 6.2. Obtaining concentrates using jigging devices At the heart of all modern jigging devices is the sluice operation scheme, copied from the principle of the elementary operation of a bootara, cradle or American rocker. The sluice is a simple yet effective setup that can handle much more material than manual flushing in a sludge trough. Unlike the bootar, cradle and American rocker, which have wooden structures, modern portable sluices are made of aluminum or stainless steel and installed at an angle of 5-7° directly on the shallow but running bottom of the river (Fig. 21). The streams of water, passing through a sluice hidden under the water, wash the poured alluvial material. They are used for gravitational enrichment by separating mineral grains from the pulp of a large specific gravity in vortex flows and obtaining a concentrate as part of an enriched complex of heavy fraction minerals. The principle of operation of the sluice is based on the separation of two flows of pulp movement: upper and lower. Downstream speed, slower and considering upstream pressure, heavy mineral grains sink into PVC mats. Corrugated rubber carpet are often used as mats. Under the influence of a turbulent water flow, heavy mineral grains are deposited (retained) on the corrugations of rubber mats. Minerals of the light fraction are carried away by water flows outside the sluice. Fig. 22. American rocker (dimensions are given in millimeters) (after V. M. Kreiter, 1940). Vashgerd is one of the oldest and simplest devices for the enrichment of sands, it consists of a receiving hopper with a bang (5 mm sieve) and a sluice (with a special bedding), barred by slats. Water is supplied to the cradle through a special chute, but most of all it is simply poured onto the sand and gravel mixture that is in the receiving hopper from a bucket. Having passed through the bang, the water-sandy-clay mixture flows down the plane of the cradle, taking away lighter particles with it. In the process of rock movement, heavy concentrate accumulates at the slats on the litter, from where it is carefully collected after washing the sample. To facilitate the collection of the concentrate, the bottom of the cradle is covered with a cloth, which, after washing, is removed and the concentrate is collected from it. Sometimes, instead of cloth, the bottom is covered with felt or straw boards. Jigging operations on it are usually carried out by three workers. The washing capacity is from 3 to 6 m3 per shift, depending on the washability (clay content) of the rock. Loss during flushing usually does not exceed 10% (Zakharova, 1974). If diamonds and their satellite dikes are confined to small granulometric classes, their washout with light fraction minerals can reach 30-50%. When developing placers of gold, diamonds and other valuable minerals, an improved version of a cradle is used. A hydrosherd, the work of which is based on the effect of a pressure jet from a hydraulic monitor on loose deposits. The apparatus consists of a disintegrator-classifying part and a hydromonitor (Methods of selection ..., 1984). Butara is an enrichment plant, which, in contrast to the cradle, is equipped with many locks of different sizes, which generally resemble a ladder. A cloth is laid on the bottom of the butar, which creates a wavy surface that helps to trap heavy minerals less than 0.25 mm in size. In addition, the butara is equipped with a device for rock disintegration and cleaning of minerals from clay additives. This device is located immediately below the screen (5 mm sieve) near the hopper. The American rocker has a device for swinging (shaking) the test material from side to side during flushing (Fig. 22) in contrast to the bootar and the cradle. In it, the system of locks is simplified to a minimum, and its length reaches 1.7 m. Rokker, like butara, is equipped with a device for disintegration of adhered minerals, which contributes to their better washing from clay material. Due to the presence of a swinging device (rounded unstable base), the rocker has a higher productivity and quality of concentrate washing than the above-described jigging devices. A very interesting simple and fast way of enriching the initial small-volume sample was proposed by V. D. Skulsky (Feinstein, Lebed, 1988). A sieve with 1 mm holes is tied to a tripod made of poles. A sand-pebble mixture is poured onto a rhythmically swinging sieve and portion by portion is washed with water from a bucket. All material smaller than one millimeter is discarded after viewing, as are pebbles and coarse gravel. With a rocking sieve, the heavier material is concentrated at the bottom, and the lighter one at the top. The first becomes dark gray, the second - light gray tones. Light sand is raked up and thrown away. The dark sand remaining on the sieve is a potentially diamondiferous concentrate, which is stored in bags. The resulting concentrate is sent for research under stationary conditions. Currently, in geological organizations engaged in the search for diamonds, manual mechanical machines (field dressing machines) POM-2, known as "Jiga", have become widespread. Jigs are made in a homemade way, mainly from durable and lightweight duralumin materials. A characteristic feature of jigging machines of this type is the presence of a cylindrical movable chamber, which, during jigging, produces a complex movement, consisting of a forward-reverse movement downward - upward and balance-pendulum rolling in the horizontal plane. This movement of the chamber ensures the concentration of the heavy fraction on the sieve in the central part of the chamber. These are machines of periodic action. The material is deposited on them in portions of 2.5-3 liters. The procedure for working with them is as follows (Romanchikov, 1983): 1. The jigging machine is installed in a pond (stream, lake or simply in a metal half-roll) so that the water mirror is parallel to the chamber sieve, and the water should be at the level or slightly below the upper edge of the chamber. 2. The sample is loaded into the chamber in portions, from which it is necessary to obtain a concentrate. 3. When you press your hands on the drive spring-loaded handle of the machine, the camera goes down. In this case, the water passes through the sieve and loosens (agitates) the test material. 4. When the hands are weakened (pressing stops), the chamber returns under the action of the spring upward, the material is compacted, thereby depositing it, that is, the heavy fraction passes into the lower part of the chamber to the sieve, and the light fraction remains on top. It is important to note that the camera is secured in the frame of the machine with three rigid and three rubber braces, which, when the camera moves down, rotate it by a certain angle to the right, and when it moves up, return it to its initial position. The movement of the chamber from side to side (right-left) forces the heavy fraction to concentrate on the central part of the sieve. It takes one to two minutes to deposit one portion of the material to be tested. Spiral separators are much less widespread. This is explained by the fact that they are intended for enrichment of only small diamond-bearing concentrate, usually –0.5 mm, less often –1 + 0.5 mm. In addition to the above jiggers, heavier (20 kg), which are more productive (up to 100 l / h), R0M-1 jigging machines are also used. Before starting direct enrichment using mechanical machines, unlike jigging devices (cradles, etc.), the sampled material must undergo preliminary washing and granulometric classification. For these purposes, homemade shakers or search vibrating screens (GRP-1) are usually used. A shaker is a simple device consisting of a densely packed set of sieves (usually four) with meshes of different sizes. Their size depends on the task and the methodological features of laboratory processing. So, M. I. Malanin and A. P. Krupenin (Enrichment of diamond-bearing ..., 1961) give the following data on their size (from top to bottom) 8; 4; 2 and 1 mm. Geologists PGO "Irkutskgeologiya" (Verkhnechonskaya party) used sieves of size 5; 3; 2 and 1 mm. Diamond pro-spectors VostSibNIIGGiMS (a) used a grid of 4, 2, 1, and 0.2 mm, respectively. For the pyrope survey we used a shaker consisting of three sieves with a mesh size of 2; 1 and 0.3 mm. The net is attached to a frame with high sides (15-20 cm). At the base of the sieves, a pallet box is placed in dimensions equal to the sieves. Small rinsed material accumulates in the pallet box. After installing the entire set of sieves (shaker) on a log (16-20 cm in diameter), it acquires an unstable (rocking) position like that of an American rocker, which is very favorable for washing the material under study. For a more rigid attachment of shaker screens, a frame is often used, formed by four racks fastened together. The base of the frame is made like a sled with two rounded slots for installation on a log. Sometimes, stops are attached to the frame, which, when they hit the ground, shake the material being tested for shaking the material on sieves. Shaker operaton is carried out in the following sequence. One person, usually a walker, shovels the material to be examined onto a sieve. The second person pours water from a bucket or scoop on a long handle onto the grid with a sample, and the third person shakes the shaker and at times (with a special scraper) loosens the sample. Lumps of clay are rubbed with fingers, and large pebbles are thoroughly washed and discarded. After the shaker sieves are sufficiently filled, they are unloaded. The largest oversize material is gently poured onto the sand by a sharp turn to visually study the composition of pebbles and search for large diamond crystals. All the rest of the washed oversize material is loaded one by one into hand-held gardening machines or spiral separators to obtain a concentrate. Jigging is usually done by experienced workers, as well as the geologist himself, who maintains all the documentation. From the material of the finest fraction that has accumulated in the pallet box, the concentrate is washed in an old-fashioned tray. Thus, for the rational conduct of small-volume sampling with the use of a shaker and manual jigging machines, a “calculation” of at least four people is required. Search vibrating screen GRP-1 is a continuous-action apparatus. It is presented as a set of four sieves measuring 500 x 170 mm with openings of 8, 4, 2 and 1 mm. The sieves are clamped between two side plates that form a sort of screen body. The screen is suspended by eight springs from a frame mounted on four legs. It is driven manually through two gear stages and an elastic (spring) connection to the shaft. At the ends of the shaft, for better shaking of the material, balancers are attached to the sieves. The screen is very convenient for transportation, as it can be easily disassembled into its component parts. It is made almost entirely of duralumin at the factory. The device weighs 13 kg, but has a low productivity - up to 0.08 m3/hour.

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