Rostov-na-Donu, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
Rostov-na-Donu, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
The article examines information on modern threats and challenges to the economic security of the Russian Federation, their impact on the development of society and ways to address and prevent them.
Economy, economic security, threats to economic security, national security, globalization
Экономическая безопасность сегодня является одной из главных составляющих экономики Российской Федерации. Динамично изменяющиеся геоэкономические и геополитические условия выдвигают все новые требования к обеспечению национальной безопасности в стране и ее устойчивого развития. Во время глобализации экономики возникает все большее количество угроз и вызовов, влияющих отрицательно на государство, предприятия и всю финансовую сферу. Вызовы и угрозы экономической безопасности – это явления и процессы, которые оказывают негативное влияние на национальную экономику государства, на удовлетворение экономических потребностей как все страны, так и отдельных групп населения и общества.[6] В настоящее время можно выделить классификацию вызовов экономической безопасности, а именно они делятся на внешние и внутренние. К внешним вызовам относят явления природного характера (пожары, наводнения), политические, военные и террористические причины. Сегодня наиболее опасным вызовом является проблема терроризма. Это опасный и долговременный фактор развития всего мирового сообщества. Терроризм оказывает дестабилизирующее воздействие не только на Россию, но и на все страны мира, он выступает серьезной экзистенциальной угрозой национальной и международной безопасности.[5] Как и вызовы, угрозы экономической безопасности также можно разделить на внешние и внутренние, но которые тесно взаимосвязаны между собой. Внутренние угрозы – это угрозы, связанные с состоянием экономики государства, уровнем социальной напряженности, динамикой развития политических процессов, а также с отсутствием или наличием природных ресурсов. К основным внутренним угрозам экономической безопасности относятся: 1) недостаточная борьба с коррупцией на всех уровнях экономики; 2) высокий уровень инфляции; 3) сокращение численности населения; 4) низкая инвестиционная активность; 5) низкий контроль исполнения бюджетов на региональном и федеральном уровнях; 6) наличие резервов стратегически значимых, но в недостаточных объемах. [7] Что касается внешних угроз, то это угрозы, обусловленные противоборством политических и экономических интересов, взаимодействующих торговых партнеров на мировой арене, а также обострением общих мировых экологических проблем.[4] К внешним угрозам относятся: 1. Незащищенность национальной финансовой системы от действий спекулятивного иностранного капитала и нерезидентов; 2. Сохранение экспортно-сырьевой модели развития и высокая зависимость от внешнеэкономической конкуренции; 3. Снижение роли России на международной арене; 4. Тенденция к размещению возле границ России военных сил иностранных государств; 5. Отставание в внедрении и разработке новых перспективных технологий. [1] Рис.1 Классификация угроз экономической безопасности На рисунке 1 представлена современная классификация угроз экономической безопасности России, которые подразделяются по различным признакам. [3] Достаточно часто используется классификация угроз в зависимости от сферы возникновения угроз. Сфера возникновения внешних угроз — внешняя среда предприятия. Негативные изменения внешней среды, выражающиеся в ужесточении условий функционирования предприятия, могут принести серьезный ущерб деятельности предприятия (рис.2). Рис.2 Классификация внешних факторов по характеру экономической безопасности В современной России накопилось огромное количество угроз и вызовов, связанных с защитой экономической безопасности. Эти проблемы требуют внимания со стороны государства и немедленного их решения. Главным возможным способом, в данном случае, является переход к новой модели инновационного развития – глобальная модернизация всей экономики и максимальное использование новых технологий с развитием импортозамещения. Все это важно в условиях нестабильности мировой экономики и санкций, однако Российская Федерация находится на начальном этапе инновационного развития промышленности. Также для предотвращения воздействия угроза на экономическую безопасность страны необходимо разработать ряд мер, связанных с экономической политикой, не только на федеральном уровне, но и на уровне всех регионов. К ним может относится: − постоянно проводить экспертизу решений по хозяйственным и финансовым вопросам, создать комплекс мер по преодолению и недопущению возникновения угроз, что приведет к обеспечению безопасности всей экономики страны на разных уровнях; − осуществлять систематическое наблюдение за факторами, которые определяют угрозы безопасности государства с целью прогнозирования данных факторов; − активно разрабатывать критерии и параметры, качественных и количественных пороговых значений экономики, выход которых за пределы экономики может привести к негативному влиянию на экономическую безопасность.[2] Делая вывод, можно сказать, что на сегодняшний день проблемы, связанные с угрозами экономической безопасности, стоят в приоритете у Российской Федерации, ее обеспечение является важной частью всей государственной политики. Основными и главными средствами предотвращения ликвидации и профилактики угроз является эффективная деятельность органов государственной власти как местного самоуправления, так и власти всех уровней. Вся деятельность по обеспечению безопасности экономики представляет собой достаточно сложное сочетание элементов, находящихся в тесной связи между собой, в постоянном развитии и нацеленных на результат.
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