Rostov-na-Donu, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
pos. Persianovskiy, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
The article raises the problem of raiding as one of the threats to the economic security of the enterprise. The concept of raider attacks and methods of their occurrence are revealed. The main types of raider attacks are analyzed. Strategic and tactical measures to protect enterprises from raiding are highlighted.
raiding, raider seizures, criminal activity, economic security, threat, methods, types, enterprise
В условиях рыночной экономики одной из значимых угроз экономической безопасности предприятия выступают рейдерские захваты. Этот, относительно новый вид преступной деятельности, представляя реальную угрозу не только предприятию, но и государству в целом, способен негативно повлиять на множество макроэкономических и микроэкономических процессов. Рейдерский захват представляет собой процесс поглощения организации, путем обманных методов против воли собственника.[6] К таким методам можно отнести: -инициированные корпоративные споры; -использование различных коррупционных ресурсов; -мошеннические схемы -силовой захват и т.д. В настоящее время существует три основных вида рейдерских захватов (рисунок 1)[3] Рисунок 1. – Основные виды рейдерских захватов Проведя анализ основных трех видов рейдерских захват, необходимо отметить, что в настоящее время данное явление постоянно видоизменяется и совершенствуется, становясь по своим действиям, практически полностью законными. Рейдерство, как негативный процесс, затрагивает интересы всех развитых стран мира. В современных условиях оценить рейдерство можно путем индекса экономической свободы, который базируется на основе десяти факторов (рисунок 2).[4] Рисунок 2.- Факторы экономической свободы Показатель экономической свободы ежегодно рассчитывается экспертами исследовательского центра HeritageFoundation, базируясь в пределах от 0 до 100. Страны, участвующие в рейтинге, делят на пять групп: 1.Свободные страны - показатель экономической свободы в пределах 80-100; 2.В основном свободные страны - показатель экономической свободы в пределах 70-79; 3.Умеренно свободные страны - показатель экономической свободы в пределах 60-69; 4.В основном не свободные – показатель экономической свободы в пределах 50-59; 5.Деспотичные страны- показатель экономической свободы в пределах 0-49. На основе данного рейтинга в 2019 году Россия была отнесена к странам, имеющим преимущественно несвободную экономику. Показатель экономической свободы составил 58,7. Таким образом, можно сделать вывод, что в России наблюдается слабая защищенность прав собственности, что в свою очередь влияет на развитие рейдерства. В 2020 году ряд специалистов, изучающих проблему рейдерских атак, выделяет два основных направления в развитии данного преступного деяния: 1.Проведение искусственного снижения стоимости имущества предприятия и его имущественных прав; 2.Блокировка всей финансово-хозяйственной деятельности предприятия. По этой причине у собственников бизнеса возникает проблема противодействия рейдерским захватам. В Российской практике выделяют стратегические и тактические меры по защите от рейдерских захватов. [5] Стратегические меры, ориентируясь на длительное время, представляют собой цели, программы и приоритетные направления по размещению и использованию ресурсов предприятия. К стратегическим мерам относят: -создание защищенной корпоративной структуры предприятия; -эффективная система мотивации сотрудников; -предотвращение массовых покупок акций предприятия; -контроль над кредиторской задолженностью. Тактические меры, представляют собой комплекс действий, стратегий и тактик, ориентированных на текущее финансовое состояние предприятия. К тактическим мерам относят: -работу с акционерами предприятия; -вывод своих активов на подконтрольные структуры; -разработку инструкций в случае рейдерских атак.[7] В Российском законодательстве отсутствует определение и сущность рейдерства. В связи с этим регулирование рейдерских деяний с юридической точки зрения квалифицируется разными видами преступлений. Совокупность преступлений, по которым за рейдерские деяния привлекают к ответственности, представлены на рисунке 3.[1] Рисунок 3. - Статьи УК РФ, определяющие совокупность рейдерских деяний Представленный перечень статей УК РФ, определяющий совокупность рейдерских деяний, является не полным. Ввиду этого рейдерские захваты могут квалифицироваться и по другим статьям УК РФ, в зависимости от обстоятельств дела. [8] Таким образом, рейдерство, являясь общественно опасным противоправным деянием, представляет реальную угрозу экономической безопасности государства. Данная преступная деятельность, в условиях криминализации экономических отношений, затрудняет экономическое развитие, влияет на эффективность национальной экономики, ослабляет доверие населения к власти. Вследствие этого реализация мер по устранению причин возникновения рейдерства в аспекте экономической безопасности России имеет существенное значение.
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