RISK AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY
Abstract and keywords
Abstract (English):
The article is devoted to the essence of risks arising in the sphere of business activity. The classification of business risks is considered, taking into account the conditions of their manifestation. A study of key business risks was conducted. The methods of risk assessment, as well as the main stages and phases of risk management in the enterprise are analyzed.

Keywords:
risk, business activity, classification, factors, management, methods, approaches
Representatives
Shumilina Vera  — Executive editor
Krokhicheva Galina  — Science editor
Text
Chapter text (PDF): Read Download

В настоящее время предпринимательская деятельность, являясь особой формой ведения бизнеса, играет значительную роль в развитии рыночных отношений. Предпринимательство, выступая движущей силой экономики, вынуждено развиваться в условиях возникновения рисков со стороны внешних и внутренних факторов, обусловленных несовершенной природе рынка. Под дефиницией термина «предпринимательский риск» понимается вероятность возникновения неблагоприятного события, влияющего на производственно-финансовую деятельность организации.[4] Предпринимательский риск по своей сущности связан с неизвестностью большого числа факторов, которые в свою очередь способны оказывать влияние на предпринимательскую деятельность. В связи с этим, многие авторы, анализируя понятие «предпринимательский риск», связывают его с неопределенностью, практически делая его тождественным.[6] Классификацию предпринимательских рисков можно рассмотреть с разных аспектов. Рассмотрим их классификацию с учетом условий проявления - внешние и внутренние предпринимательские риски. Внешние предпринимательские риски – риски непосредственно не связаны с деятельностью предприятия и зависят от большого количества факторов - политических, экономических, социальных, географических и других. Источником возникновения внешних предпринимательских рисков является внешняя среда хозяйствующего субъекта: 1. Риски изменения действующих норм законодательства; 2. Политическая обстановка в стране, в том числе деятельность органов государственной власти; 3. Риски природного характера; 4. Макроэкономические риски, которые обусловлены развитием экономических процессов. [1] Внутренние предпринимательские риски – риски, зависящие от деятельности организации в лице руководства и персонала. Внутренние предпринимательские риски делятся на три вида: 1. Производственные риски - сбои и нарушения технологического процесса, уровень квалификации кадров, организация поставок сырья и материалов, процесс проверки контрагента и другие; 2. Коммерческие риски - ошибки в маркетинговых исследованиях и ценовой политики, неисполнение контрагентами договорных обязательств и другие; 3. Финансовые риски - инфляционный, валютный риск, риск несостоятельности предприятия, уменьшение покупательной способности денежных средств и другие. [2] Ежегодным исследованием ключевых бизнес-рисков страховой компанией Allizanz SE , в котором принимают участие эксперты из 86 стран мира, в том числе и из России, представлен обзор ключевых рисков.[8] Для российских предприятий в 2019 году, по мнению опрошенных, основными рисками являлись: 1. Прерывание предпринимательства; 2. Изменения законодательства; 3. Форс-мажорные обстоятельства; 4. Потеря репутации; 5. ИТ-инциденты. Процентное соотношение рисков представлено на рисунке 1.[8] Рисунок 1. – Процентное соотношение основных рисков в 2019 году В начале 2020 года страховая группа Allizanz SE опубликовала рейтинг рисков, влияние которых актуально для большинства стран. Рейтинг имеет следующий вид: 1. Киберинциденты – 40% опрошенных; 2. Прерывание предпринимательства – 39%; 3. Изменения законодательства – 28%; 4. Природные катастрофы – 21%; 5. Развитие рынка – 20%; 6. Изменения климата – 17%; 7. Утрата репутации – 15%; 8. Макроэкономические ситуации – 11%. Проблема оценки риска - одна из актуальных задач управления предпринимательскими рисками. По этой причине, наличие различных подходов к их систематизации обусловлено многочисленными попытками определить наиболее эффективный и рациональный способ оценки предпринимательских рисков. [5] Методы оценки рисков на предприятии делят на два подхода: -качественный; -количественный. Качественный подход основан на субъективном анализе риска и включает в себя: определение вероятности возникновения риска, тяжесть последствий от наступления риска и т.д. Количественный подход направлен на определение численной величины риска – проведение статистического, математического, аналитического анализа, метод экспертных оценок и т.д. [2] Управление рисками - особая сфера управленческой деятельности предприятия. Она направленна на проведение анализа, разработку и реализацию мероприятий, направленных во внутренние процессы хозяйствующего субъекта, с целью снижения возможных негативных факторов из внешней и внутренней среды. Управление предпринимательскими рисками направлено как на систематизацию рисков, так и на их предотвращение и прогнозирование. Управление рисками на предприятии осуществляется в несколько этапов. Этапы управления рисками представлены на рисунке 2. [7] Рисунок 2.- Этапы управления рисками на предприятии Управление предпринимательскими рисками включает в себя три основных фазы: 1.Принятие решений о разработке стратегии: - уклонение от риска; - сокращение и нейтрализация риска; - передача риска 2.Определение необходимых инструментов, направленных на снижение степени риска; 3. Разработка программ, направленных на снижение степени риска. Таким образом, эффективный механизм функционирования хозяйствующего субъекта направлен на разработку и принятия решений, связанных с рисками на основе существующих объективных критериев. Предпринимательские риски оказывают значительное влияние на стабильное и устойчивое функционирование предприятия, так как их возникновение связано с неопределенностью внешней и внутренней среды. По этой причине изучение и управление предпринимательских рисков – одна из наиболее значимых задач руководства и персонала предприятия.
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